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Table 1 The Baseline Characteristics of participants

From: Non-linear relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and incident diabetes mellitus: a secondary retrospective analysis based on a Japanese cohort study

HDL-C(mmol/L)

Q1(≤ 1.16)

Q2(1.16 to ≤ 1.41)

Q3(1.41 to ≤ 1.70)

Q4(> 1.70)

P-value

Participants

3752

3895

3845

3846

 

Gender

    

 < 0.001

 Women

568 (15.14%)

1419 (36.43%)a

2122 (55.19%)ab

2832 (73.63%)abc

 

 Men

3184 (84.86%)

2476 (63.57%)

1723 (44.81%)

1014 (26.37%)

 

Age(years)

44.49 ± 9.03

43.63 ± 8.96a

43.31 ± 8.77a

43.36 ± 8.78a

 < 0.001

Ethanol consumption(g/week)

4.20(0, 66.00)

1.00(0, 72.00)

1.00(0, 60.00)

1.00(0, 54.00)abc

 < 0.001

Smoking status

    

 < 0.001

 Never-smoker

1436 (38.27%)

2114 (54.27%)a

2484 (64.60%)ab

2906 (75.56%)abc

 

 Ex-smoker

863 (23.00%)

821 (21.08%)

694 (18.05%)

550 (14.30%)

 

 Current-smoker

1453 (38.73%)

960 (24.65%)

667 (17.35%)

390 (10.14%)

 

Regular exerciser

    

 < 0.001

 No

3190 (85.02%)

3226 (82.82%)a

3156 (82.08%)a

3085 (80.21%)abc

 

 Yes

562 (14.98%)

669 (17.18%)

689 (17.92%)

761 (19.79%)

 

SBP (mmHg)

118.88 ± 14.75

115.96 ± 14.97a

112.67 ± 14.53ab

110.63 ± 14.31abc

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.00 ± 10.21

72.62 ± 10.41a

70.29 ± 10.23ab

68.55 ± 10.03abc

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.95 ± 3.11

22.61 ± 3.08a

21.50 ± 2.71ab

20.52 ± 2.47abc

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

82.37 ± 8.30

78.17 ± 8.52a

74.47 ± 8.13ab

71.20 ± 7.40abc

 < 0.001

Fatty liver

    

 < 0.001

 No

2339 (62.34%)

3081 (79.10%)a

3491 (90.79%)ab

3693 (96.02%)abc

 

 Yes

1413 (37.66%)

814 (20.90%)

354 (9.21%)

153 (3.98%)

 

ALT (IU/L)

21(16.00,30.00)

17 (13.00,24.00)a

15 (12.00,20.00)ab

14(11.00,19.00)abc

 < 0.001

AST (IU/L)

18 (15.00,22.00)

17 (14.00,21.00)a

17 (14.00,20.00)ab

17 (13.00,20.00)abc

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.00 ± 0.12

1.29 ± 0.07a

1.54 ± 0.08ab

1.97 ± 0.22abc

 < 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.20 (0.83,1.73)

0.82 (0.56,1.17)a

0.64 (0.45,0.88)ab

0.53 (0.38,0.72)abc

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.07 ± 0.89

5.07 ± 0.89

5.07 ± 0.84

5.27 ± 0.80abc

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.19 ± 0.34

5.18 ± 0.33

5.15 ± 0.31ab

5.17 ± 0.30ac

 < 0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.30 ± 0.38

5.20 ± 0.40a

5.11 ± 0.41ab

5.04 ± 0.41abc

 < 0.001

  1. Values are n (%) or mean ± SD
  2. SBP Systolic blood pressures, DBP Diastolic blood pressures, BMI Body mass index, WC Waist circumference, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, FPG Fasting plasma glucose
  3. arepresents other groups (Q2, Q3, Q4) compared with Q1, P < 0.05
  4. brepresents other groups (Q3, Q4) compared with Q2, P < 0.05
  5. crepresents other groups (Q4) compared with Q3, P < 0.05