Variables | Physical health domain | Psychological domain | Social relationship domain | Environmental domain |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Age groups | ||||
 16 – 30 | 35.91 ± 23.51 | 41.67 ± 24.08 | 39.00 ± 21.38 | 36.08 ± 23.74 |
 31 – 40 | 40.70 ± 21.99 | 48.22 ± 22.08 | 42.44 ± 24.45 | 43.79 ± 21.33 |
 41 – 50 | 40.94 ± 21.47 | 46.34 ± 20.18 | 41.11 ± 24.23 | 44.10 ± 19.55 |
 51 – 60 | 35.36 ± 20.55 | 42.92 ± 22.15 | 39.49 ± 23.53 | 42.39 ± 19.91 |
 61 – 70 | 34.21 ± 19.50 | 42.79 ± 20.51 | 38.72 ± 23.333 | 38.72 ± 19.54 |
 71 – 80 | 37.97 ± 13.87 | 46.92 ± 11.91 | 38.72 ± 23.33 | 40.77 ± 10.33 |
 > 80 | 31.40 ± 21.19 | 28.00 ± 25.48bcd | 40.77 ± 13.34 | 33.80 ± 21.58 |
p value | 0.096 | 0.027 | 0.078 | 0.178 |
Sex | ||||
 Female | 36.90 ± 20.75 | 42.33 ± 21.80 | 38.35 ± 24.02 | 41.32 ± 20.63 |
 Male | 37.59 ± 20.25 | 46.11 ± 19.92 | 40.88 ± 22.20 | 41.95 ± 18.35 |
p value | 0.708 | 0.044 | 0.223 | 0.719 |
Education | ||||
 Uneducated | 30.61 ± 19.50 | 37.02 ± 21.85 | 33.04 ± 23.92 | 36.17 ± 21.88 |
 Up to HSC | 37.70 ± 19.47a | 45.26 ± 19.09a | 41.25 ± 22.87a | 41.74 ± 17.68 |
 Graduate | 42.15 ± 22.36a | 48.75 ± 21.24a | 41.65 ± 22.87 | 45.65 ± 19.07a |
 Post-graduate | 46.26 ± 21.04a | 50.48 ± 26.70a | 43.66 ± 28.70 | 51.85 ± 22.62a |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 | 0.008 |  < 0.001 |
Employment | ||||
 No job | 39.24 ± 18.34 | 45.59 ± 16.31 | 40.29 ± 18.68 | 40.88 ± 16.20 |
 Part time | 37.92 ± 18.70 | 45.77 ± 19.25 | 41.01 ± 20.44 | 43.00 ± 16.90 |
 Full time | 39.82 ± 23.40 | 45.83 ± 24.19 | 42.41 ± 27.82 | 45.03 ± 23.29 |
 Retired | 21.73 ± 21.03abc | 28.51 ± 26.07 | 23.87 ± 28.75abc | 29.07 ± 24.93abc |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Monthly family income (BDT) | ||||
 < 5000 | 26.84 ± 22.85 | 30.65 ± 24.66 | 27.12 ± 26.81 | 31.26 ± 24.83 |
 5000 – 25,000 | 38.08 ± 20.32a | 45.23 ± 20.17a | 40.80 ± 22.97a | 42.71 ± 18.80a |
 > 25,000 | 42.43 ± 16.33a | 51.11 ± 15.14ab | 45.37 ± 17.07a | 46.24 ± 13.86a |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes mellitus (years) | ||||
 ≤ 10 | 41.19 ± 18.49 | 46.68 ± 17.85 | 42.20 ± 20.05 | 43.85 ± 17.14 |
 11 – 20 | 33.77 ± 21.20a | 42.49 ± 23.33 | 37.75 ± 25.67 | 40.12 ± 21.06 |
 > 20 | 28.76 ± 23.11a | 37.17 ± 25.10a | 32.47 ± 27.03a | 35.29 ± 23.73a |
p value |  < 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Years passed without medication (years) | ||||
 No to < 1 | 36.86 ± 19.65 | 44.23 ± 20.01 | 39.79 ± 21.68 | 40.81 ± 18.49 |
 1 to < 3 | 38.54 ± 21.19 | 46.67 ± 22.19 | 38.41 ± 24.63 | 42.63 ± 19.17 |
 3 to < 5 | 37.98 ± 21.42 | 43.6 ± 22.61 | 39.15 ± 26.74 | 45.47 ± 23.13 |
 ≥ 5 | 37.27 ± 22.78 | 42.45 ± 22.73 | 40.00 ± 25.64 | 41.89 ± 21.52 |
p value | 0.937 | 0.690 | 0.973 | 0.482 |
Hypertension | ||||
 Present | 35.87 ± 21.49 | 42.99 ± 20.56 | 38.47 ± 22.08 | 40.76 ± 18.73 |
 Absent | 40.51 ± 19.92 | 47.05 ± 21.67 | 42.27 ± 25.41 | 43.70 ± 21.23 |
p value | 0.020 | 0.050 | 0.094 | 0.126 |
Overweight/obesity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Present | 38.11 ± 19.99 | 45.24 ± 20.82 | 40.88 ± 22.54 | 42.72 ± 18.77 |
 Absent | 34.82 ± 21.68 | 41.26 ± 20.89 | 35.85 ± 24.51 | 38.49 ± 21.33 |
p value | 0.125 | 0.069 | 0.037 | 0.038 |
HbA1c (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 > 6.5 | 37.75 ± 20.62 | 44.39 ± 20.93 | 39.76 ± 23.15 | 41.73 ± 19.67 |
 ≤ 6.5 | 30.09 ± 17.17 | 41.39 ± 21.59 | 37.27 ± 23.36 | 40.15 ± 17.68 |
p value | 0.038 | 0.428 | 0.551 | 0.653 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | ||||
 < 200 | 38.73 ± 36.65 | 46.08 ± 19.18 | 41.47 ± 20.97 | 42.34 ± 17.53 |
 ≥ 200 | 34.58 ± 22.87 | 40.85 ± 23.48 | 36.27 ± 26.33 | 40.38 ± 22.64 |
p value | 0.029 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.282 |
Serum high density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | ||||
 ≥ 40 (for male) or ≥ 50 (for female) | 32.80 ± 19.98 | 43.02 ± 22.81 | 36.75 ± 21.74 | 37.68 ± 17.37 |
 < 40 (for male) or < 50 (for female) | 37.64 ± 20.50 | 44.80 ± 20.81 | 39.84 ± 23.28 | 41.98 ± 19.68 |
p value | 0.148 | 0.709 | 0.412 | 0.177 |
Serum triglyceride (mg/dl) | ||||
 < 150 mg/dl | 40.09 ± 19.58 | 48.77 ± 18.92 | 42.94 ± 20.57 | 44.21 ± 17.71 |
 ≥ 150 mg/dl | 36.33 ± 20.71 | 42.71 ± 21.39 | 38.52 ± 23.85 | 40.79 ± 20.03 |
p value | 0.082 | 0.005 | 0.066 | 0.093 |
Nephropathy | ||||
 Present | 28.93 ± 20.94 | 36.15 ± 23.95 | 31.18 ± 24.36 | 34.12 ± 21.09 |
 Absent | 40.63 ± 19.31 | 47.47 ± 18.67 | 43.03 ± 21.76 | 44.70 ± 18.00 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Neuropathy | ||||
 Present | 29.40 ± 22.49 | 46.26 ± 19.30 | 33.88 ± 28.90 | 36.37 ± 23.39 |
 Absent | 39.40 ± 19.38 | 36.69 ± 24.80 | 41.17 ± 21.08 | 43.08 ± 18.09 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 | 0.029 | 0.002 |
Retinopathy | ||||
 Present | 19.27 ± 22.67 | 23.70 ± 25.27 | 20.06 ± 28.86 | 26.12 ± 25.65 |
 Absent | 39.28 ± 19.21 | 46.52 ± 19.10 | 41.81 ± 21.35 | 43.39 ± 17.91 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | ||||
 Present | 23.81 ± 20.12 | 28.18 ± 24.55 | 25.43 ± 25.28 | 31.12 ± 23.94 |
 Absent | 39.25 ± 19.79 | 46.59 ± 19.29 | 41.71 ± 22.08 | 43.20 ± 18.30 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Stroke | ||||
 Present | 22.92 ± 16.68 | 27.96 ± 22.41 | 24.5 ± 24.13 | 29.88 ± 20.91 |
 Absent | 38.02 ± 20.39 | 45.08 ± 20.53 | 40.42 ± 22.84 | 42.28 ± 19.26 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Peripheral artery disease | ||||
 Present | 17.66 ± 22.26 | 23.95 ± 25.63 | 13.95 ± 24.74 | 20.19 ± 19.09 |
 Absent | 28.09 ± 19.99 | 45.08 ± 20.31 | 40.72 ± 22.45 | 42.57 ± 19.02 |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |
Diabetic foot | ||||
 Present | 28.81 ± 21.90 | 39.15 ± 24.40 | 31.69 ± 27.88 | 33.00 ± 21.13 |
 Absent | 38.29 ± 20.10 | 44.79 ± 20.46 | 40.53 ± 22.38 | 42.66 ± 19.10 |
p value | 0.004 | 0.132 | 0.052 | 0.007 |
History of hypoglycemia | ||||
 Present | 37.20 ± 19.45 | 44.33 ± 20.27 | 39.46 ± 21.59 | 40.62 ± 18.51 |
 Absent | 37.30 ± 21.88 | 44.00 ± 21.92 | 39.78 ± 25.21 | 43.02 ± 20.82 |
p value | 0.974 | 0.860 | 0.431 | 0.027 |
Number of complications | ||||
 None | 42.08 ± 18.41 | 48.70 ± 17.52 | 43.30 ± 19.78 | 45.24 ± 16.58 |
 One | 40.03 ± 18.27 | 42.43 ± 20.89a | 39.73 ± 24.08a | 45.17 ± 17.93 |
 Two | 28.34 ± 21.48ab | 35.64 ± 26.34a | 30.22 ± 28.35a | 33.73 ± 21.14ab |
 Three or more | 19.97 ± 20.22ab | 16.42 ± 21.54abc | 11.71 ± 21.99abc | 27.27 ± 23.56ab |
p value |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |  < 0.001 |