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Table 3 Four quality of life domain scores across different characteristics of participants

From: Assessment of quality of life and its determinants in type-2 diabetes patients using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument in Bangladesh

Variables

Physical health domain

Psychological domain

Social relationship domain

Environmental domain

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Age groups

  16 – 30

35.91 ± 23.51

41.67 ± 24.08

39.00 ± 21.38

36.08 ± 23.74

  31 – 40

40.70 ± 21.99

48.22 ± 22.08

42.44 ± 24.45

43.79 ± 21.33

  41 – 50

40.94 ± 21.47

46.34 ± 20.18

41.11 ± 24.23

44.10 ± 19.55

  51 – 60

35.36 ± 20.55

42.92 ± 22.15

39.49 ± 23.53

42.39 ± 19.91

  61 – 70

34.21 ± 19.50

42.79 ± 20.51

38.72 ± 23.333

38.72 ± 19.54

  71 – 80

37.97 ± 13.87

46.92 ± 11.91

38.72 ± 23.33

40.77 ± 10.33

  > 80

31.40 ± 21.19

28.00 ± 25.48bcd

40.77 ± 13.34

33.80 ± 21.58

p value

0.096

0.027

0.078

0.178

Sex

  Female

36.90 ± 20.75

42.33 ± 21.80

38.35 ± 24.02

41.32 ± 20.63

  Male

37.59 ± 20.25

46.11 ± 19.92

40.88 ± 22.20

41.95 ± 18.35

p value

0.708

0.044

0.223

0.719

Education

  Uneducated

30.61 ± 19.50

37.02 ± 21.85

33.04 ± 23.92

36.17 ± 21.88

  Up to HSC

37.70 ± 19.47a

45.26 ± 19.09a

41.25 ± 22.87a

41.74 ± 17.68

  Graduate

42.15 ± 22.36a

48.75 ± 21.24a

41.65 ± 22.87

45.65 ± 19.07a

  Post-graduate

46.26 ± 21.04a

50.48 ± 26.70a

43.66 ± 28.70

51.85 ± 22.62a

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.008

 < 0.001

Employment

  No job

39.24 ± 18.34

45.59 ± 16.31

40.29 ± 18.68

40.88 ± 16.20

  Part time

37.92 ± 18.70

45.77 ± 19.25

41.01 ± 20.44

43.00 ± 16.90

  Full time

39.82 ± 23.40

45.83 ± 24.19

42.41 ± 27.82

45.03 ± 23.29

  Retired

21.73 ± 21.03abc

28.51 ± 26.07

23.87 ± 28.75abc

29.07 ± 24.93abc

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Monthly family income (BDT)

  < 5000

26.84 ± 22.85

30.65 ± 24.66

27.12 ± 26.81

31.26 ± 24.83

  5000 – 25,000

38.08 ± 20.32a

45.23 ± 20.17a

40.80 ± 22.97a

42.71 ± 18.80a

  > 25,000

42.43 ± 16.33a

51.11 ± 15.14ab

45.37 ± 17.07a

46.24 ± 13.86a

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Duration of diabetes mellitus (years)

  ≤ 10

41.19 ± 18.49

46.68 ± 17.85

42.20 ± 20.05

43.85 ± 17.14

  11 – 20

33.77 ± 21.20a

42.49 ± 23.33

37.75 ± 25.67

40.12 ± 21.06

  > 20

28.76 ± 23.11a

37.17 ± 25.10a

32.47 ± 27.03a

35.29 ± 23.73a

p value

 < 0.001

0.005

0.009

0.007

Years passed without medication (years)

  No to < 1

36.86 ± 19.65

44.23 ± 20.01

39.79 ± 21.68

40.81 ± 18.49

  1 to < 3

38.54 ± 21.19

46.67 ± 22.19

38.41 ± 24.63

42.63 ± 19.17

  3 to < 5

37.98 ± 21.42

43.6 ± 22.61

39.15 ± 26.74

45.47 ± 23.13

  ≥ 5

37.27 ± 22.78

42.45 ± 22.73

40.00 ± 25.64

41.89 ± 21.52

p value

0.937

0.690

0.973

0.482

Hypertension

  Present

35.87 ± 21.49

42.99 ± 20.56

38.47 ± 22.08

40.76 ± 18.73

  Absent

40.51 ± 19.92

47.05 ± 21.67

42.27 ± 25.41

43.70 ± 21.23

p value

0.020

0.050

0.094

0.126

Overweight/obesity

    

  Present

38.11 ± 19.99

45.24 ± 20.82

40.88 ± 22.54

42.72 ± 18.77

  Absent

34.82 ± 21.68

41.26 ± 20.89

35.85 ± 24.51

38.49 ± 21.33

p value

0.125

0.069

0.037

0.038

HbA1c (%)

    

  > 6.5

37.75 ± 20.62

44.39 ± 20.93

39.76 ± 23.15

41.73 ± 19.67

  ≤ 6.5

30.09 ± 17.17

41.39 ± 21.59

37.27 ± 23.36

40.15 ± 17.68

p value

0.038

0.428

0.551

0.653

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

  < 200

38.73 ± 36.65

46.08 ± 19.18

41.47 ± 20.97

42.34 ± 17.53

  ≥ 200

34.58 ± 22.87

40.85 ± 23.48

36.27 ± 26.33

40.38 ± 22.64

p value

0.029

0.007

0.016

0.282

Serum high density lipoprotein (mg/dl)

  ≥ 40 (for male) or ≥ 50 (for female)

32.80 ± 19.98

43.02 ± 22.81

36.75 ± 21.74

37.68 ± 17.37

  < 40 (for male) or < 50 (for female)

37.64 ± 20.50

44.80 ± 20.81

39.84 ± 23.28

41.98 ± 19.68

p value

0.148

0.709

0.412

0.177

Serum triglyceride (mg/dl)

  < 150 mg/dl

40.09 ± 19.58

48.77 ± 18.92

42.94 ± 20.57

44.21 ± 17.71

  ≥ 150 mg/dl

36.33 ± 20.71

42.71 ± 21.39

38.52 ± 23.85

40.79 ± 20.03

p value

0.082

0.005

0.066

0.093

Nephropathy

  Present

28.93 ± 20.94

36.15 ± 23.95

31.18 ± 24.36

34.12 ± 21.09

  Absent

40.63 ± 19.31

47.47 ± 18.67

43.03 ± 21.76

44.70 ± 18.00

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Neuropathy

  Present

29.40 ± 22.49

46.26 ± 19.30

33.88 ± 28.90

36.37 ± 23.39

  Absent

39.40 ± 19.38

36.69 ± 24.80

41.17 ± 21.08

43.08 ± 18.09

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.029

0.002

Retinopathy

  Present

19.27 ± 22.67

23.70 ± 25.27

20.06 ± 28.86

26.12 ± 25.65

  Absent

39.28 ± 19.21

46.52 ± 19.10

41.81 ± 21.35

43.39 ± 17.91

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Coronary artery disease

  Present

23.81 ± 20.12

28.18 ± 24.55

25.43 ± 25.28

31.12 ± 23.94

  Absent

39.25 ± 19.79

46.59 ± 19.29

41.71 ± 22.08

43.20 ± 18.30

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Stroke

  Present

22.92 ± 16.68

27.96 ± 22.41

24.5 ± 24.13

29.88 ± 20.91

  Absent

38.02 ± 20.39

45.08 ± 20.53

40.42 ± 22.84

42.28 ± 19.26

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.001

0.002

Peripheral artery disease

  Present

17.66 ± 22.26

23.95 ± 25.63

13.95 ± 24.74

20.19 ± 19.09

  Absent

28.09 ± 19.99

45.08 ± 20.31

40.72 ± 22.45

42.57 ± 19.02

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Diabetic foot

  Present

28.81 ± 21.90

39.15 ± 24.40

31.69 ± 27.88

33.00 ± 21.13

  Absent

38.29 ± 20.10

44.79 ± 20.46

40.53 ± 22.38

42.66 ± 19.10

p value

0.004

0.132

0.052

0.007

History of hypoglycemia

  Present

37.20 ± 19.45

44.33 ± 20.27

39.46 ± 21.59

40.62 ± 18.51

  Absent

37.30 ± 21.88

44.00 ± 21.92

39.78 ± 25.21

43.02 ± 20.82

p value

0.974

0.860

0.431

0.027

Number of complications

  None

42.08 ± 18.41

48.70 ± 17.52

43.30 ± 19.78

45.24 ± 16.58

  One

40.03 ± 18.27

42.43 ± 20.89a

39.73 ± 24.08a

45.17 ± 17.93

  Two

28.34 ± 21.48ab

35.64 ± 26.34a

30.22 ± 28.35a

33.73 ± 21.14ab

  Three or more

19.97 ± 20.22ab

16.42 ± 21.54abc

11.71 ± 21.99abc

27.27 ± 23.56ab

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. The p value was determined by independent samples t test, Mann–Whitney U test, and one-way analysis of variance where appropriate. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were done using Tukey. For pairwise comparisons, the p value was significant at the < 0.05 level compared to the afirst category, bsecond category, cthird category and dsixth category
  2. Significant values were shown in bold face