Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population
Overall population (n = 68) | Baseline HbA1c < 9% (75 mmol/mol) (n = 29) | Baseline HbA1c ≥ 9% (75 mmol/mol) (n = 39) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52 ± 10 | 53 ± 11 | 52 ± 9 | 0.92 |
Male sex | 52 (76%) | 21 (72%) | 31 (79%) | 0.70 |
Smoking | 0.49 | |||
Never | 24 (35%) | 10 (34%) | 14 (36%) | |
Past | 21 (31%) | 7 (24%) | 14 (36%) | |
Current | 23 (34%) | 12 (41%) | 11 (28%) | |
Hypertension | 26 (38%) | 12 (41%) | 14 (36%) | 0.84 |
Dyslipidemia | 46 (68%) | 21 (72%) | 25 (64%) | 0.64 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0—1) | 0 (0—2) | 0.50 |
Family history of diabetesa | 42 (68%) | 19 (70%) | 23 (66%) | 0.91 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 91.6 ± 18.0 | 92.4 ± 21.1 | 90.4 ± 12.9 | 0.64 |
eGFR category | 0.98 | |||
≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 34 (50%) | 20 (51%) | 14 (48%) | |
60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 32 (47%) | 17 (44%) | 15 (52%) | |
45–60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 2 (3%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | |
< 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Albuminuria (mg/gCre) | 7.2 (3.4–17.5) | 7.6 (3.6–21.4) | 6.7 (3.3–9.1) | 0.38 |
Albuminuria category | 1.00 | |||
Normoalbuminuria | 58 (85%) | 33 (85%) | 25 (86%) | |
Microalbuminuria | 10 (15%) | 6 (15%) | 4 (14%) | |
Macroalbuminuria | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
HbA1c (%) | 9.6 ± 1.8 | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
(mmol/mol) | 81 ± 20 | 62 ± 8 | 95 ± 14 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.1 | 27.0 ± 4.2 | 26.8 ± 4.0 | 0.89 |
Disposition index (unit) | 0.34 (0.20–0.68) | 0.62 (0.39–0.78) | 0.25 (0.17–0.37) | < 0.001 |
Matsuda’s index (unit) | 4.70 (2.95–5.93) | 4.71 (2.42–6.18) | 4.69 (3.25–5.82) | 0.67 |
Insulin secretion index (unit) | 0.08 (0.05–0.16) | 0.05 (0.04–0.10) | 0.12 (0.08–0.24) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-β (unit) | 17.8 (10.7–24.6) | 15.4 (9.2–21.8) | 22.3 (14.7–36.8) | 0.004 |
HOMA-IR (unit) | 2.41 (1.80–4.51) | 2.62 (2.07–3.86) | 2.18 (1.60–4.70) | 0.52 |