Table 1 Demographic, selected medical and laboratory characteristics of study participants (n = 9895)

Age- years. no. (%)

 < 0.001

  35–45

3672(37.11)

3367(44.23)

305(13.36)

  46–55

3051(30.83)

2327(30.57)

724(31.71)

  ≥ 56

3172(32.06)

1918(25.20)

1254(54.93)

  Mean ± SD

49.92 ± 9.56

48.27 ± 9.24

55.61 ± 8.35

 < 0.001

Gender- no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Female

5290(53.46)

3899(51.22)

1391(60.93)

  Male

4605(46.54)

3713(48.78)

892(39.07)

Education-no. (%)

 < 0.001

  ≤ 5 years

3476(35.15)

2344(30.81)

1132(49.58)

  6–12 years

4795(48.48)

3892(51.16)

903(39.55)

  ≥ 13 years

1619(16.37)

1371(18.02)

248(10.86)

Physical activity -no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Low

3834(38.75)

2755(36.19)

1079(47.26)

  Moderate

5034(50.87)

3975(52.22)

1059(46.39)

  Heavy

1027(10.38)

882(11.59)

145(6.35)

  Mean ± SD

36.01 ± 10.00

39.16 ± 6.56

37.56 ± 5.23

 < 0.001

BMI- no. (%)

 < 0.001

  < 25

2850(28.81)

2416(31.76)

434(19.01)

  25–29.9

4055(41.00)

3112(40.90)

943(41.31)

  ≥ 30

2986(30.19)

2080(27.34)

906(39.68)

  Mean ± SD

27.81 ± 4.92

27.41 ± 4.82

29.19 ± 4.98

 < 0.001

WSI- no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Low

2317(23.44)

1720(22.62)

597(26.15)

  Low-middle

2841(28.74)

2113(27.79)

728(31.89)

  Middle-high

3966(40.12)

3122(41.06)

844(36.97)

  High

762(7.71)

648(8.52)

114(4.99)

Alcohol consumption- no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Yes

986(9.98)

841(11.07)

145(6.36)

  No

8889(90.02)

6755(88.93)

2134(93.64)

Cigarette smoking-no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Yes

2533(25.65)

2044(26.91)

489(21.46)

  No

7342(74.35)

5552(73.09)

1790(78.54)

Opium consumption- no. (%)

0.030

  Yes

2329(23.58)

1830(24.9)

499(21.90)

  No

7546(76.42)

5766(75.91)

1780(78.10)

Hypertension- no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Yes

2235(22.59)

1194(15.69)

1041(45.60)

  No

7660(77.41)

6418(84.31)

1242(54.40)

Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives—no. (%)

 < 0.001

  Yes

4879(49.31)

3432(45.09)

1447(63.38)

  No

5016(50.69)

4180(54.91)

836(36.62)

Family history of diabetes in second-degree relatives—no. (%)

0.971

  Yes

2430(24.56)

1870(24.57)

560(24.53)

  No

7465(75.44)

5742(75.43)

1723(75.47)

Fatty liver

 < 0.001

  Yes

1010(10.21)

657(8.63)

353(15.46)

  No

8885(89.79)

6955(91.37)

1930(84.54)

Hepatitis- no. (%)

0.269

  Yes

28(0.28)

24(0.32)

4(0.18)

  No

9867(99.72)

7588(99.68)

2279(99.82)

Use of hepatotoxic drugs

 < 0.001

  Yes

2382(24.07)

1274(16.74)

1108(48.53)

  No

7513(75.93)

6338(83.26)

1175(51.47)

Cholesterol

  Mean ± SD

198.66 ± 38.07

198.83 ± 36.14

198.11 ± 43.80

0.476

Triglycerides

  Mean ± SD

160.84 ± 74.87

160.18 ± 96.02

199.14 ± 145.78

 < 0.001

LDL cholesterol

  Mean ± SD

108.18 ± 30.31

109.59 ± 28.92

103.47 ± 34.04

 < 0.001

HDL cholesterol

  Mean ± SD

57.75 ± 10.88

57.95 ± 10.83

57.07 ± 10.98

0.001

FBS

  Mean ± SD

113.28 ± 39.09

99.24 ± 9.13

160.25 ± 59.21

 < 0.001

AST—no. (%)

  Elevated

294(2.97)

194(2.55)

100(4.38)

0.001

  Mean ± SD

21.37 ± 9.44

19.55 ± 8.29

20.07 ± 13.43

0.003

ALT—no. (%)

  Elevated

882(8.92)

622(8.17)

260(11.40)

 < 0.001

  Mean ± SD

25.82 ± 20.15

20.91 ± 14.50

23.51 ± 17.20

 < 0.001

GGT- no. (%)

  Elevated

1010(10.21)

629(8.26)

381(16.71)

 < 0.001

  Mean ± SD

35.20 ± 44.93

25.93 ± 23.84

32.88 ± 33.68

 < 0.001

ALP- no. (%)

  Elevated

966(9.76)

621(8.16)

345(15.12)

 < 0.001

  Mean ± SD

235.02 ± 79.65

220.92 ± 64.96

241.27 ± 69.34

 < 0.001