Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the treatment group and the subpopulations for the two control groups
Characteristics | Treatment | Control group 1 Screened candidate | Control group 2 Beneficiary within inclusion criteria | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = | 153 | n = | 2,635 | n = | 11,806 | |
Age (mean (SD)) (years) | 68.0 | (3.9) | 67.2 | (5.7) | 67.1 | (6.6) |
Sex (male %) | 90 | (58.8) | 1,174 | (44.6) | 5,284 | (44.8) |
Diabetes treatment medication (n, %) | ||||||
Oral | 114 | (74.5) | 2,062 | (78.3) | 10,080 | (85.4) |
Insulin | 39 | (25.5) | 573 | (21.7) | 1,726 | (14.6) |
Medication for cardiovascular risk control (n, %) | ||||||
Anti-platelet | 43 | (28.1) | 631 | (23.9) | 2,657 | (22.5) |
Anti-hyperlipidemic | 92 | (60.1) | 1,500 | (56.9) | 6,370 | (54.0) |
Anti-hypertensives | 111 | (72.5) | 1,769 | (67.1) | 7,450 | (62.3) |
Cardiorenal protective agents (n, %) | 95 | (62.1) | 1,397 | (53.0) | 5,669 | (48.0) |
Charlson Risk Index (n, %) | ||||||
1 | 119 | (77.8) | 1,976 | (75.0) | 8,614 | (73.0) |
2 | 30 | (19.6) | 563 | (21.4) | 2,682 | (22.7) |
3 or more | 4 | (2.6) | 96 | (3.6) | 510 | (4.3) |
Utilization patterns (annual) (mean (SD)) | ||||||
Medical cost (USD) | 5,695 | (4,855) | 5,869 | (7,651) | 5,286 | (7,710) |
Number of Physician visits | 33.4 | (37.0) | 31.1 | (34.7) | 29.3 | (34.1) |
Hospitalization days | 3.7 | (12.8) | 3.9 | (14.3) | 3.8 | (14.8) |