Author, publication year, and Country | RCT Design | Participants | Sample size | Age (years), mean ± SD | Male, n (%) | ES type | Length of follow up (weeks) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ES arm, n | Control arm, n | ES arm | Control arm | ||||||
Lundeberg et al. 1992, Sweden [15] | Parallel, placebo | Patients with diabetic leg ulcers | 24 | 27 | 67.5 ± 8.6 | 66.0 ± 7.9 | 36 (70.6) | Pulsed current | 12 |
Baker et al. 1997, USA [16] | Parallel, no placebo | Patients with diabetic open ulcers | 21 | 20 | 58.0 ± 2.0 | 52.0 ± 2.0 | 41 (67.2) | Pulsed current (symmetric biphasic) | 8 |
20 | 50.0 ± 2.0 | Pulsed current (square-wave pulse) | |||||||
Peters et al. 2001, Netherlands [17] | Parallel, placebo | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers | 18 | 17 | 54.4 ± 12.4 | 59.9 ± 7.0 | 32 (91.4) | Pulsed current | 12 |
Petrofsky et al. 2007, USA [18] | Parallel, placebo | Patients with diabetic foot or leg ulcers | 10 | 10 | 64.7 ± 13.2 | 63.0 ± 7.6 | Not specified | Pulsed current+ global heat | 12 |
9 | 62.0 ± 7.7 | Pulsed current+ local heat | |||||||
Petrofsky et al. 2010, USA [19] | Parallel, no placebo | Patients with foot chronic diabetic ulcers | 10 | 10 | 48.4 ± 14.6 | Not specified | Pulsed current | 4 | |
Liani et al. 2014, Italy [20] | Parallel, no placebo | Patients with diabetic foot ischemic lesions | 29 | 27 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Pulsed current | 7 |
Mohajeri-Tehrani et al. 2014, Iran [23] | Parallel, placebo | Patients with diabetic foot ulceration | 10 | 10 | 57 ± 3.2 | 56.1 ± 2.9 | 17 (85.0) | direct current | 4 |
OrtÃz et al. 2014, Colombia [21] | Parallel, no placebo | Patients with diabetic distal legs or feet ulcers | 10 | 9 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Pulsed current | 9 |
Asadi et al. 2017, Iran [22] | Parallel, no placebo | Patients with ischemic diabetic foot ulcerations | 13 | 11 | 60.8 ± 5.5 | 60.1 ± 6.4 | 14 (58.3) | Direct current | 4 |
Zulbaran-Rojas et al. 2021, USA [24] | Parallel, placebo | Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2 with chronic non-healing wounds | 16 | 17 | 65.1 ± 13.8 | 61.4 ± 11.2 | 21 (61.8) | Direct current | Not specified |