Table 2 Summary of the included studies

Costa FO, et al., 2013 [37]

Brazil

Case-control

45 (22–71)

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

238

5.1 (1.13–9.30)

Deborah L. et al., 2013 [38]

USA

Cross-sectional

74.02 (0.05)

Both

any tooth loss

Self-report

379,021

1.68 (1.55–1.82)

1.25 (1.13–1.37)

Sensorn, W. et al., 2012 [17]

Thailand

Cross-sectional

50.5 (20–86)

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

605

1.72 (1.03–2.73)

Kapp, J. M. et al., 2007

Columbia

Cross-sectional

18–99

Both

any tooth loss

Self-report

155,280

1.64 (1.49–1.80)

1.11 (0.99–1.24)

Yoo, et al. 2019 [15]

South Korea

Cohort

> 18

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

10,215

sex, age, and place of residence, social and economic factors

1.29 (1.23–1.36)

1.34 (1.26–1.43)

Dar-Odeh, et al. 2019 [39]

Saudi Arabia.

Cross-sectional

31.2 (10.13)

Women

any tooth loss

Self-report

1768

1.04 (1.02–1.07)

Frias-Bulhosa, et al. 2018 [28]

Portugal

Case-control

63.8 (12.8)

Both

any tooth loss

Self-report

666

1.65 (0.88–3.14)

Hastings, et al. 2017 [7]

USA

Cross-sectional

55.8 (3.5)

Male

any tooth loss

Self-report

275

adjusted for same variables as Model 2 plus dental insurance, arthritis, hypertension, and number of medications.

1.43 (0.87–2.38)

Rai, et al. 2019 [40]

USA

Cross-sectional

55.5 (16.01)

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Self-report

1338

CVD, Tobacco use, Age, Gender, Hispanic

1.7 (1.20–2.30)

1.2 (0.80–1.22)

Simila, et al. 2018 [41]

Finland

Cross-sectional

> 46

Women

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

5950

3.4 (1.79–6.44)

2.99 (1.54–5.8)

Joshipura, et al. 2018 [42]

USA

Cohort

50.4 (6.8)

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Based on blood sugar

1206

1.48 (0.76–2.89)

Shamala, et al. 2017 [27]

Yemen

Case-control

> 30

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Self-report

272

4 (2–8.1)

Oluwagbemigun, et al. 2015 [26]

Germany

Cohort

51.8 (8.22)

Both

any tooth loss

Self-report

24,313

Age, Sex, BMI, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, use of vitamin and/or mineral supplements, antibiotics, hormone

1.08 (0.81–1.44)

Delgado-Pérez, et al. 2017 [29]

Mexico

Cross-sectional

50.7 (16.2)

Both

any tooth loss

60

replacement therapy (women) and non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs

3.42 (2.32–5.04)

3.13 (2.09–4.69)

Buysschaert, et al. 2017 [30]

Belgium

Cross-sectional

62 (15)

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Based on blood sugar

160

1.72 (0.85–3.54)

Liljestrand, et al. 2015 [43]

Finland

Cohort

60.8 (8.44)

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Self-report

7629

1.37 (1.02–1.86)

Kowall, et al. 2015 [44]

Germany

Cross-sectional

57.3 (10.82)

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

3086

age, sex, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, total cholesterol, HDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides

4.02 (3.01–5.36)

1.05 (0.73–1.49)

Greenblatt, et al. 2016 [20]

USA

Cohort

18–74

Both

at least tooth loss > = 5

Based on blood sugar

15,113

age, Hispanic background, study site/center, nativity status, income, and education, number of dental visits and current health insurance status, alternative healthy eating index, cigarette smoking, and obesity, chronic periodontitis

2.69 (2.45–2.97)

1.18 (0.94–1.49)

De Medeiros, et al. 2021 [45]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

> = 30

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

60,271

Adults

1.11 (1.08–1.14)

Zhang, et al. 2021 [46]

USA

Cohort

> = 30

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

5569

Adults

2.11 (1.46–3.04)

Del Carmen, et al. 2021 [47]

Mexico

Cross-sectional

41.6 (15.4)

Both

any tooth loss

Based on blood sugar

1640

Community Oral Health Program

3.62 (2.86–4.57)

Laouali, et al. 2021 [48]

France

Cross-sectional

70.17 (6.22)

Women

any tooth loss

Self-report

2857

French national health insurance

1.07 (0.97–1.19)