Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to group (per protocol)

Age, years (median (IQR))

66 (63–73)

73 (67–79)

< 0.001

Age at menopause

51 (48–53)

52 (48–54)

0.423

16 (12–21)

23 (14–28)

0.037

Body-mass index, kg/m² (mean (SD))

22.3 (2.6)

24.6 (2.6)

< 0.001

Fasting glucose, mg/dL (median, (IQR))

97 (94–106)

126 (113–149)

< 0.001

HbA1c, % (median, (IQR))

5.4 (5.3–.5.6)

6.4 (6.0–6.8)

< 0.001

 Lumbar

0.773 (0.078)

0.804 (0.709)

0.098

 Femoral neck

0.656 (0.101)

0.671 (0.099)

0.663

 Total hip

0.746 (0.099)

0.739 (0.106)

0.607

 Lumbar

−2.74 (0.75)

−2.54 (0.76)

0.180

 Femoral neck

−2.08 (0.65)

−2.16 (0.77)

0.544

 Total hip

−1.64 (0.75)

−1.91 (0.83)

0.085

Trabecular bone score ^a (mean (SD))

1.300 (0.058)

1.289 (0.076)

0.294

Previous fracture – number (%)

6 (10.9)

13 (26.5)

0.071

Serum β-CTX, ng/liter (median (IQR))

0.395 (0.260–0.593)

0.350 (0.225–0.503)

0.421

Serum P1NP, ng/liter (median (IQR))

53.1 (33.7–63.9)

45.4 (29.7–60.6)

0.346

25-Hydroxivitamin D, ng/mL (mean (SD))

25.57 (14.69)

31.36 (12.16)

0.192