Table 1 Comparison of clinical and laboratory indicators between groups(\(\overline{\mathrm{X}}\) ±S)

AGEs (AU)

74.36 ± 11.97

84.02 ± 13.88

87.72 ± 15.67

93.99 ± 19.83

24.290

.000*

Course (years)

2.96 ± 2.91

7.54 ± 6.48

10.27 ± 7.23

8.36 ± 5.30

4.032

.009*

Age (years)

50.2 ± 12.71

59.31 ± 11.26

62.06 ± 11.89

69.85 ± 10.87

39.423

.000*

Weight (kg)

62.91 ± 12.95

65.22 ± 11.51

63.58 ± 11.10

62.71 ± 10.31

1.420

.236

BMI (kg/m2)

24.31 ± 3.50

24.48 ± 3.34

24.42 ± 3.79

23.70 ± 3.12

1.031

.378

Ca²⁺(mmol/L)

2.21 ± 0.14

2.21 ± 0.13

2.19 ± 0.15

2.18 ± 0.13

1.293

.276

UA (μmol/L)

316.98 ± 100.82

336.52 ± 100.30

332.97 ± 100.92

355.74 ± 90.62

2.074

.103

TC (mmol/L)

4.62 ± 1.17

4.40 ± 1.16

4.40 ± 1.08

4.39 ± 1.36

.815

.486

LDL (mmol/L)

2.69 ± 0.91

2.57 ± 0.81

2.54 ± 0.78

2.54 ± 0.88

.617

.604

WBC (*10⁹/L)

6.05 ± 1.83

6.10 ± 1.93

6.14 ± 1.89

6.02 ± 2.17

.067

.978

1hPBG (mmol/L)

14.99 ± 4.24

14.27 ± 3.56

15.31 ± 2.72

15.02 ± 4.48

.506

.679

2hPBG (mmol/L)

17.71 ± 5.17

18.07 ± 4.25

17.29 ± 4.83

20.85 ± 6.18

2.453

.064

3hPBG (mmol/L)

15.97 ± 6.60

16.30 ± 4.62

18.52 ± 3.13

19.15 ± 4.95

1.716

.171

INS60’(mIU/L)

47.41 ± 54.60

25.75 ± 17.67

17.95 ± 10.10

13.08 ± 5.48

4.106

.009*

INS120’(mIU/L)

62.25 ± 70.87

28.90 ± 17.50

24.61 ± 14.71

15.93 ± 9.89

4.613

.005*

INS180’(mIU/L)

48.10 ± 54.17

28.66 ± 18.60

25.82 ± 15.55

19.35 ± 9.55

2.291

.085