BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 2 Within- and between-group comparison of the self-management subscale scores before and after the intervention

From: Promoting self-management behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, using digital storytelling: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Variables	Digital storytelling			Control
	Before	After		Before	After		Between-group comparison
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p-value^w	Mean ± SD	Mean ±SD	p-value^w	p-value^b	p-value^a
Collaboration With Parents	23.78±5.17	26.06±5.43	<0.001	22.69±5.81	22.36±6.05	0.620	0.423	0.022
Diabetes Care Activities	17.15±6.75	16.78±4.42	0.739	17.78±5.67	18.00±4.98	0.789	0.680	0.058
Diabetes Problem-Solving	14.15±4.71	15.36±5.07	0.155	14.93±3.52	15.12±3.07	0.746	0.445	0.593
Diabetes Communication	24.57±9.22	26.69±9.06	0.015	23.93±6.61	24.54±7.59	0.464	0.749	0.663
Goals	13.21±3.37	15.21±3.07	<0.001	14.78±3.06	15.33±2.21	0.241	0.051	0.356
Total	92.87±21.28	100.12±18.2	0.005	94.15±18.02	95.36±17.05	0.574	0.794	0.527
HbA1c	8.76±2.14	8.75±1.97	0.991	9.97±2.03	9.20±2.31	0.166	0.030	0.419

p-value^w: within-group comparison in each interventional and control group
p-value^b: between-group comparison before the intervention
p-value^a: between-group comparison after the intervention based on ANCOVA test with controlling the effect of age, HbA1c and pre self-management scores

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