Table 4 General characteristics and HLS-HDP components of participants according to quartiles of HLS- HDP

Mean score

1.00 ± 0.00

2.00 ± 0.00

3.00 ± 0.00

4.00 ± 0.00

 Age (year)

44.3 ± 11.7

40.9 ± 12.4

40.7 ± 12.3

40.7 ± 12.0

 < 0.001

 Male, %

57.3

62.8

53.0

43.4

 < 0.001

 Academic education (graduated),%

19.4

26.5

31.6

35.3

 < 0.001

 Employed, %

80.9

82.8

86.1

87.3

0.006

 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

95.2 ± 9.2

93.0 ± 8.7

92.7 ± 8.3

92.1 ± 7.8

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

133.0 (98.0 – 185.0)

118.50 (82.0 – 169.7)

113.0 (80.7 – 165.0)

113.0 (78.0 – 160.0)

0.002

 Low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mg/dl)

115.0 ± 34.1

112.5 ± 32.3

111.1 ± 32.6

111.7 ± 31.5

0.099

 High density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mg/dl)

45.3 ± 10.7

47.8 ± 11.3

48.0 ± 11.7

48.7 ± 11.9

0.019

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

116.7 ± 15.2

112.7 ± 16.1

112.1 ± 15.6

112.1 ± 14.5

 < 0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77.7 ± 10.7

75.1 ± 11.2

75.0 ± 10.8

75.2 ± 10.30

0.011

 Diabetes incidence (%)^a

13.8

9.0

5.9

5.2

 < 0.001

Current smoker (%)

36.0

14.8

5.6

0.0

 < 0.001

Physical activity (MET/h/w)

39.6 (22.9 – 56.1)

47.3 (23.8 – 71.4)

78.1 (47.0 – 107.1)

98.2 (81.1 – 129.1)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

31.8 ± 7.7

27.8 ± 4.9

26.3 ± 4.0

25.8 ± 2.6

 < 0.001

Diet quality score (overall healthy dietary pattern)

4.46 ± 0.81

4.82 ± 1.16

5.51 ± 1.26

6.51 ± 0.72

 < 0.001

Overall healthy dietary pattern components

 Fruit (serving/day)

1.91 (1.18 – 3.29)

2.33 (1.38 – 3.98)

3.11 (1.73 – 5.07)

4.49 (3.17 – 6.44)

 < 0.001

 Vegetables (serving/day)

2.47 (1.71 – 3.52)

2.53 (1.69 – 3.79)

3.19 (2.04 – 4.38)

3.66 (2.85 – 4.88)

 < 0.001

 Dairy products (serving/day)

1.42 (0.86 – 2.08)

1.56 (1.05 – 2.23)

1.70 (1.11 – 2.52)

2.28 (1.45 – 3.09)

 < 0.001

 Whole grains (serving/day)

2.77 (1.42 – 5.05)

2.90 (1.56 – 5.17)

3.84 (2.06 – 6.28)

4.41 (3.03 – 7.30)

 < 0.001

 Fish (serving/day)

0.21 (0.11 – 0.42)

0.21 (0.11 – 0.43)

0.23 (0.12 – 0.48)

0.29 (0.14 – 0.54)

 < 0.001

 Nuts (serving/day)

0.13 (0.06 – 0.24)

0.14 (0.07 – 0.30)

0.16 (0.07 – 0.33)

0.21 (0.10 – 0.43)

0.001

 Red meat (serving/day)

0.66 (0.40 – 0.96)

0.64 (0.38 – 1.02)

0.63 (0.37 – 1.02)

0.61 (0.37 – 1.03)

0.144

 Processed meat (serving/day)

0.08 (0.02 – 0.15)

0.08 (0.02 – 0.15)

0.07 (0.01 – 0.17)

0.07 (0.01 – 0.16)

0.607

 Refined grains (serving/day)

4.02 (2.97 – 6.10)

4.17 (2.89 – 6.54)

3.88 (2.80 – 5.98)

3.65 (2.37 – 5.48)

0.001

 Sweetened beverage (serving/week)

1.12 (0.42 – 2.80)

0.91 (0.35 – 2.10)

0.77 (0.28 – 1.96)

0.70 (0.21 1.82)

 < 0.001

 Sodium (mg/day)

3655 (3002 – 4748)

3445 (2719 – 4302)

3287 (2558 – 4155)

3336 (2659 – 4118)

 < 0.001

 Trans fatty acid (g/day)

2.35 (1.14 – 4.72)

2.21 (1.19 – 4.58)

2.39 (1.25 – 4.71)

2.35 (1.21 – 4.51)

0.651