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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with basal insulin therapy before and after propensity score adjustment

From: Effectiveness and safety of basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without metformin observed in a national cohort in China

 

Before propensity score adjustment

After propensity score adjustment

 

BI with metformin

(N = 6621)

BI without metformin

(N = 5737)

BI with metformin

(N = 6621)

BI without metformin

(N = 5737)

Demographics

 Male (%)

52.8

53.4

53.1

53.1

 Age (years, Mean ± SD)

54.2 ± 9.9**

56.8 ± 10.4

55.5 ± 10.9

55.4 ± 11.0

 Education (%)

  Primary school or illiterate

24.9

26.0

25.2

25.7

  Junior high school

30.8

29.2

30.3

29.8

  Senior high school

25.6

26.2

25.9

25.9

  Junior college

10.8

11.5

11.2

11.1

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

7.9

7.1

7.4

7.5

 Hospital level (%)

  Secondary hospitals

49.8

50.4

50.1

50.1

  Tertiary hospitals

50.2

49.6

49.9

49.9

 Recruitment settings (%)

  Outpatient clinic

54.5*

51.2

53.0

53.0

  Inpatient ward

45.5

48.8

47.0

47.0

 Current residence (%)

  Urban

69.1**

73.2

71.1

71.1

  Rural

30.9

26.8

28.9

28.9

 Out of pocket (%, Mean ± SD)

42.5 ± 28.1*

40.8 ± 27.2

41.7 ± 30.3

41.7 ± 30.7

Clinical

 BMI (kg/m2, Mean ± SD)

25.4 ± 3.3**

24.2 ± 3.2

24.9 ± 3.5

24.8 ± 3.5

 Duration of diabetes (years, Mean ± SD)

6.2 ± 5.0*

6.5 ± 5.3

6.4 ± 5.6

6.4 ± 5.7

 Duration of OAD treatment (years, Mean ± SD)

5.5 ± 4.9*

5.7 ± 5.0

5.6 ± 5.4

5.6 ± 5.5

 SBP (mmHg, Mean ± SD)

130.1 ± 15.4*

129.3 ± 15.6

129.9 ± 17.0

129.4 ± 17.2

 DBP (mmHg, Mean ± SD)

79.9 ± 9.2**

79.1 ± 9.2

79.4 ± 10.0

79.6 ± 10.2

 HbA1c at baseline (%, Mean ± SD)

9.4 ± 1.8**

9.2 ± 1.8

9.3 ± 2.0

9.3 ± 2.0

 FPG at baseline (mmol/L, Mean ± SD) (missing=616)

11.4 ± 3.5

11.0 ± 3.6

11.2 ± 3.8

11.2 ± 3.9

 Hypoglycemia at baseline

  Percentage (%)

5.7

5.8

5.7

5.8

  Episodes (times/100 person-year, Mean ± SD)

1.7 ± 9.6*

1.6 ± 9.9

1.7 ± 1.4*

1.6 ± 1.4

 Complication at baseline (%)

  Macrovascular

13.5*

15.6

14.4

14.4

  Microvascular

24.6*

27.5

25.9

25.9

 Pre-insulin OAD type a (%)

  Metformin

87.8**

39.1

96.0*

97.3

  Sulfonylureas

46.5

48.5

47.4

47.4

  α-glycosidase inhibitors

18.1**

33.6

23.0

22.8

  Glinides

13.4**

18.9

15.4

15.3

  Thiazolidinediones

5.7

6.4

6.0

6.0

  Others b

8.7*

9.8

9.2

9.2

 Pre-insulin OAD number at baseline (%)

  1

35.2**

51.9

43.0

43.0

  2

50.9

40.9

48.1

48.2

  ≥3

13.9

7.1

8.9

8.8

 BI type initiated at v1

  Glargine

69.6**

78.1

74.9

74.9

  Detemir

14.4

12.5

13.7

13.7

  NPH

16.0**

9.4

11.4

11.4

 BI dose at v1 (U/day/kg)

0.17 ± 0.071

0.18 ± 0.069

0.18 ± 0.46

0.18 ± 0.47

  1. Abbreviation: BI basal insulin, BMI body mass index, OAD oral antidiabetic drug, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, FPG fasting plasma glucose, NPH Neutral Protamine Hagedorn
  2. **: <0.0001; *: <0.05
  3. aCumulative proportions might be over 100 % as some patients might use two or more OADs
  4. bOthers included DPP-IV inhibitors, Aldose reductase inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, Compound drugs, and Traditional Chinese medicine