Table 1 Characteristics of the study population with and without diabetes mellitus
Variables | Non-DM (n = 22,694) | DM (n = 2903) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) a | 45.28 ± 0.13 | 60.09 ± 0.31 | <.0001 |
Sex b | |||
Men | 8700 (38.3) | 1417 (48.8) | <.0001 |
Women | 13994 (61.7) | 1486 (51.2) | |
Household income b | |||
Low | 4082 (18) | 1013 (34.9) | <.0001 |
Lower middle | 5780 (25.5) | 796 (27.4) | |
Higher middle | 6380 (28.1) | 588 (20.3) | |
High | 6452 (28.4) | 506 (17.4) | |
Educational level b | |||
≤ Elementary school | 5168 (22.8) | 1299 (44.8) | <.0001 |
Middle school | 2320 (10.2) | 449 (15.5) | |
High school | 7668 (33.8) | 750 (25.8) | |
≥ College | 7538 (33.2) | 405 (14) | |
BMI (kg/m2) a, b | 23.6 ± 0.03 | 25.27 ± 0.09 | <.0001 |
< 18.5 (underweight) | 1005 (4.4) | 36 (1.2) | <.0001 |
< 25 (normalweight) | 14766 (65.1) | 1490 (51.3) | |
≥ 25 (overweight or obese) | 6923 (30.5) | 1377 (47.4) | |
Smoking status b | |||
Non−/Ex-smoker | 18,983 (83.7) | 2352 (81) | 0.0076 |
Current smoker | 3711 (16.4) | 551 (19) | |
Alcohol consumption b | |||
No | 2913 (12.8) | 619 (21.3) | <.0001 |
Yes | 19,781 (87.2) | 2284 (78.7) | |
Non-Anemia | 20,764 (91.5) | 2575 (88.7) | <.0001 |
Anemia | 1930 (8.5) | 328 (11.3) | <.0001 |
Iron intake per day (mg/day) a | 16.68 ± 0.16 | 16.66 ± 0.38 | 0.9651 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) a | 14.12 ± 0.01 | 14.14 ± 0.04 | 0.6599 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) a | 0.83 ± 0.00 | 0.9 ± 0.01 | <.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) a | 80.56 ± 0.08 | 87.53 ± 0.23 | <.0001 |
High waist circumference b | 5481 (24.2) | 1360 (46.9) | <.0001 |
HTN b | 6487 (28.6) | 1822 (62.8) | <.0001 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) a | 92.96 ± 0.08 | 142.84 ± 1.01 | <.0001 |
HbA1c (%) a’ | 5.53 ± 0.00 | 7.36 ± 0.04 | <.0001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia b | 2924 (12.9) | 777 (26.8) | <.0001 |
Low HDL cholesterol b | 8151 (35.9) | 1562 (53.8) | <.0001 |