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Table 1 Characteristics of the 13 included studies

From: Comparisons of different exercise interventions on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes: a network meta-analysis

Study

Location

Duration of intervention

Type

Group

n

Sex (M/F)

Age (years)

BMI (kg/m2)

Intervention program

Alvarez et al., 2012

Chile

12 weeks

Prediabetes

RT

8

0/8

NA

NA

Performed using regular resistance equipment.

CT

13

0/13

NA

NA

As usual.

Burtscher et al., 2009

Austria

12 months

IFG

AET

18

16/20

57.5 ± 6.9

30.6 ± 4.1

Supervised, progressive, individually tailored aerobic exercises for 1 h, twice a week.

CT

18

27.3 ± 3.8

As usual.

Desch et al., 2010

Germany

6 months

Prediabetes

AET

14

11/3

62.3 ± 6.2

29.8 ± 4.0

Daily home-based sessions on a stationary bicycle at 75% of maximum heart rate and additional supervised indoor and outdoor group exercise sessions twice a week.

CT

12

8/4

62.3 ± 6.5

31.3 ± 3.9

As usual.

Eriksson et al., 1998

Finland

10 weeks

IGT

AET

7

3/4

60 ± 5

NA

Supervised group exercise sessions (aerobic endurance training 1 h/week, target heart rate approximately 60% of maximum)

CT

7

4/3

NA

Informed about the positive effects of exercise but no individual exercise programs.

Fritz et al., 2012

Sweden

NA

IGT

AET

14

5/9

59.1 ± 6.2

32.0 ± 5.2

Instructed to increase their weekly level of physical activity by 5 h of walking.

CT

21

10/11

61.8 ± 3.4

30.8 ± 3.5

As usual.

Malin et al., 2012

USA

12 weeks

Prediabetes

AET + RT

8

3/5

45.4 ± 8.0

33.5 ± 4.1

Subjects performed aerobic and resistance exercise on the 1st and 3rd day of each week. To minimize muscle soreness, only aerobic training was performed on the 2nd day.

CT

8

2/6

49.8 ± 10.9

34.0 ± 6.3

As usual.

Marcell et al., 2005

USA

16 weeks

Insulin resistance

AET

20

NA

44.4 ± 6.5

32.5 ± 5.3

30 min of activity 5 days/week taking into account preferred activities (mostly walking or jogging outdoors or on a treadmill).

CT

14

NA

44.1 ± 9.5

35.3 ± 3.7

As usual.

Marcus et al., 2005

USA

12 weeks

IGT

RT

10

0/10

56.3 ± 6.4

28.5 ± 3.7

High-force lower extremity extensor muscle contractions for 3 nonconsecutive days/week.

CT

6

0/6

53.2 ± 6.5

32.2 ± 4.0

No participation in a supervised exercise program.

Roumen et al., 2008

Netherlands

3 years

IGT

AET + RT

52

28/24

54.2 ± 5.8

29.6 ± 3.8

Physical activity at least 30 min a day for at least 5 days a week, at an intensity of at least 70% of their VO2max.

CT

54

30/24

58.4 ± 6.8*

29.2 ± 3.3

Briefly informed about the beneficial effects of a healthy diet and physical activity, but no individual advice provided.

Rowan et al., 2016

Canada

12 weeks

Prediabetes

AET

11

3/8

53.6 ± 8.21

32.0 ± 4.6

Supervised exercise (high-intensity interval or intermittent training) in the laboratory 3 times/week for 36 sessions.

CT

10

3/7

47.7 ± 6.92

30.8 ± 8.5

As usual.

Venojarvi et al., 2013

Finland

12 weeks

IGT

CT

40

40/0

54 ± 7.2

28.6 ± 3.0

Informed about the health benefits of exercise, but no supervised exercise provided.

AET

39

39/0

55 ± 6.2

30.0 ± 3.4

Aerobic exercise sessions carried out at strain levels increasing from 55 to 75% of heart rate reserve (weeks 1–4 at 55%, weeks 5–8 at 65%, and weeks 9–12 at 75%).

RT

36

36/0

54 ± 6.1

30.3 ± 3.2*

Performed using regular resistance equipment with training focus on strength and power exercises of the lower extremities and trunk, but also muscles of the upper extremities were trained.

Wens et al., 2017

Belgium

12 weeks

IGT

CT

11

2/9

48 ± 9

27.1 ± 4.4

As usual.

AET + RT

11

5/6

47 ± 9

24.4 ± 3.8

Cycling and treadmill walking/running, moderate to high intensity resistance training (leg press, leg curl, leg extension, vertical traction, arm curl, and chest press).

Yan and Dai, 2019

China

12 months

Prediabetes

AET

35

10/25

64.23 ± 5.75

22.4 (21.4, 26.0)

Required participants to exercise 3 days/week for 60 min/session at 60 to 70% of their maximum heart rate.

RT

35

15/20

62.06 ± 8.11

25.1 (22.7, 26.7)

Resistance training 3 days/week with a bungee cord, 50 min/session.

CT

35

15/20

60.31 ± 7.56

24.6 (21.7, 27.6)

Maintain usual habits and received no structured exercise intervention.

  1. Abbreviations: AET aerobic exercise training, BMI body mass index, CT control training, F female, IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, M male, NA not available, RT resistance training, VO2max maximal oxygen consumption
  2. *P < 0.05