Fig. 5

Changes in inflammatory cytokines among three groups. (A-D) Serum levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured by ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, control group n = 5, HFD sham group n = 5, HFD SG group n = 9, ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs. Control group; ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01 vs. HFD sham group. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β