From: Dietary protein sources and risk of diabetic nephropathy in women: A case-control study
Variables | Mediterranean-based dietary protein sources pattern | Western-based dietary protein sources pattern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1(< -0.72) (N = 70) | Tertile 2(-0.72–0.60) (N = 70) | Tertile 3(> 0.60) (N = 70) | P-valueb | Tertile 1(< -0.36) (N = 70) | Tertile 2(-0.36–0.18) (N = 70) | Tertile 3(> 0.18) (N = 70) | P-value | |
Energy (kcal/day) c | 1420.94 ± 192.58 | 1442.79 ± 278.98 | 1426.14 ± 373.14 | 0.90 | 1498.72 ± 338.58 | 1304.89 ± 173.61 | 1486.26 ± 292.84 | < 0.001 |
Protein (gr/day) | 45.04 ± 5.93 | 47.85 ± 8.29 | 48.08 ± 12.15 | 0.001 | 47.48 ± 0.57 | 46.38 ± 0.58 | 47.11 ± 0.57 | 0.41 |
Carbohydrate (gr/day) | 249.04 ± 32.2 | 252.78 ± 50.36 | 252.08 ± 77.27 | 0.001 | 252.79 ± 1.82 | 251.32 ± 1.86 | 249.79 ± 1.81 | 0.50 |
Total fat (gr/day) | 33.98 ± 7.99 | 33.21 ± 8.49 | 31.73 ± 7.43 | 0.05 | 32.61 ± 0.7 | 33.37 ± 0.71 | 32.94 ± 0.69 | 0.76 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 4.7 ± 3.4 | 6.79 ± 7.61 | 8.72 ± 11.23 | 0.004 | 5.24 ± 0.82 | 5.41 ± 0.84 | 9.56 ± 0.82 | < 0.001 |
Saturated fat (gr/day) | 6.38 ± 1.58 | 6.21 ± 1.61 | 6.04 ± 1.76 | 0.84 | 6.26 ± 0.14 | 6.17 ± 0.14 | 6.2 ± 0.14 | 0.90 |
Vitamin A (RAE/day) | 39.29 ± 18.33 | 42.6 ± 19.41 | 37.02 ± 17.12 | 0.20 | 44.76 ± 2.05 | 35.81 ± 2.1 | 38.34 ± 2.04 | 0.008 |
Vitamin K(µg/day) | 13.38 ± 5.53 | 13.53 ± 5.09 | 12.35 ± 4.28 | 0.25 | 14.12 ± 0.52 | 12.98 ± 0.53 | 12.16 ± 0.52 | 0.03 |
Vitamin E (mg/day) | 4.07 ± 0.84 | 3.91 ± 1.29 | 4.23 ± 2.05 | 0.10 | 4.39 ± 0.13 | 4.23 ± 0.13 | 3.59 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 10.36 ± 4.23 | 10.87 ± 6.7 | 9.98 ± 6.14 | 0.70 | 10.25 ± 0.64 | 9.31 ± 0.66 | 11.65 ± 0.64 | 0.04 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 1.68 ± 0.22 | 1.71 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.43 | 0.79 | 1.68 ± 0.03 | 1.69 ± 0.03 | 1.7 ± 0.03 | 0.84 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 0.97 ± 0.15 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | 0.95 ± 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.21 |
Vitamin B3 (mg/day) | 16.34 ± 2.37 | 16.09 ± 2.84 | 15.76 ± 3.68 | 0.13 | 15.82 ± 0.23 | 16.19 ± 0.23 | 16.19 ± 0.23 | 0.41 |
Vitamin B5 (mg/day) | 2.44 ± 0.74 | 2.43 ± 0.57 | 2.5 ± 0.67 | 0.65 | 2.4 ± 0.07 | 2.45 ± 0.07 | 2.52 ± 0.07 | 0.44 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 0.73 ± 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.19 |
Vitamin B9 (µg/day) | 360.57 ± 57.53 | 394.3 ± 82.12 | 397.15 ± 129.72 | 0.01 | 399.76 ± 8.77 | 367 ± 8.98 | 385.26 ± 8.74 | 0.04 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 0.17 ± 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | < 0.001 |
Sodium (mg/day) | 3705.81 ± 1098.67 | 3584.09 ± 913.78 | 3285.36 ± 943.92 | 0.03 | 3453.85 ± 117.95 | 3520.6 ± 120.69 | 3600.81 ± 117.55 | 0.67 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1689.10 ± 223.39 | 1668.51 ± 311.38 | 1765.76 ± 556.14 | 0.09 | 1859.33 ± 33.86 | 1677.14 ± 34.65 | 1586.91 ± 33.75 | < 0.001 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 406.16 ± 67.32 | 415.64 ± 65.02 | 389.78 ± 83.62 | 0.005 | 400.52 ± 5.25 | 399.36 ± 5.37 | 411.7 ± 5.23 | 0.19 |
Iron (mg/day) | 14.85 ± 1.79 | 15.13 ± 2.47 | 14.75 ± 2.84 | 0.41 | 15.17 ± 0.14 | 14.97 ± 0.14 | 14.56 ± 0.14 | 0.01 |
Phosphorous (mg/day) | 911.51 ± 121.28 | 913.87 ± 176.08 | 895.16 ± 189.35 | 0.63 | 925.53 ± 13.7 | 913.42 ± 14.02 | 881.59 ± 13.66 | 0.06 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 355.64 ± 44.61 | 356.93 ± 74.84 | 354.46 ± 97.47 | 0.02 | 380.28 ± 7.1 | 359.58 ± 7.27 | 327.16 ± 7.08 | < 0.001 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 7.89 ± 1.13 | 8.29 ± 1.79 | 8.38 ± 3.29 | 0.34 | 8.62 ± 0.23 | 8.27 ± 0.23 | 7.68 ± 0.23 | 0.12 |