Table 1 Participants’ clinical characteristics and parameter changes pre- and post-intervention

Age

years

46.8 ± 14.0

Sex

M/F (%)

18 (27.3)/48 (72.7)

Period

days

199.8 ± 23.1

 DM

n (%)

16 (24.2)

 Hypertension

n (%)

30 (45.5)

 Dyslipidemia

n (%)

19 (28.8)

 Alcohol consumption

n (%)

29 (43.9)

 Current smoker

n (%)

5 (7.6)

 Exercise habits

n (%)

21 (31.8)

 Weight

kg

90.2 (78.5–102.3)

85.1 (73.8–96.4)

< 0.001

 BMI

kg/m²

34.3 (31.0–38.4)

32.1 (29.0–35.9)

< 0.001

 %fat

%

45.3 (40.8–49.8)

43.6 (38.5–49.5)

< 0.001

 %LBM

%

52.9 (48.4–57.5)

55.1 (49.0–59.5)

< 0.001

 VFA

cm³

183.0 ± 52.7

158.3 ± 63.5

< 0.001

 SFA

cm³

419.5 ± 161.5

374.9 ± 160.3

< 0.001

 ATVO₂

ml/kg/min

11.2 (9.8–12.5)

11.7 (10.4–13.1)

0.002

 Peak VO₂

ml/kg/min

18.0 (15.5–20.3)

19.6 (16.2–23.2)

< 0.001

 Handgrip

kg

26.4 (20.2–30.5)

26.2 (20.9–32.0)

0.214

 Leg strength

N∙m/kg

1.47 ± 0.32

1.53 ± 0.39

< 0.001

 Physical activity

kcal/day

55.1 (21.4–151.1)

173.9 (90.0–300.6)

0.004

 Fasting GLU

mg/dL

97 (89.8–106.3)

95 (88.0–100.5)

0.024

 HbA1c

%

5.8 (5.6–6.3)

5.6 (5.4–6.0)

< 0.001

 Fasting insulin

μU/mL

14.6 (9.2–19.4)

12.1 (8.5–21.9)

0.904

 HOMA-IR

3.4 (2.1–4.8)

2.9 (1.9–5.2)

0.546

 Myostatin

μg/mL

2377.5 (1759.9–2926.3)

2502.3 (2209.7–3548.7)

< 0.001

 Adiponectin

pg/mL

2.87 (1.68–4.24)

4.22 (2.98–6.05)

< 0.001

 Leptin

ng/mL

22.7 (15.4–36.3)

14.5 (8.0–23.9)

< 0.001

 Irisin

ng/mL

23.2 (19.5–27.7)

17.6 (16.7–18.7)

< 0.001