Table 1 Basic characteristics of the participants stratified by albuminuria and reduced eGFR

Number, n (%)

1120 (69.1)

360 (22.2)

95 (5.9)

45 (2.8)

–

Age (years)

55.5 ± 11.6

57.9 ± 13.2^a

66.2 ± 12.1^ab

67.6 ± 12.2^ab

< 0.001

Female

369 (32.9)

127 (35.3)

40 (42.1)

22 (48.9) ^ab

< 0.05

Duration of diabetes (years)

6 (1, 10)

8 (3, 13) ^a

13 (10, 20) ^ab

8 (2, 15) ^c

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.4 (22.5, 26.5)

24.8 (22.4, 27.3)

24.2 (22.3, 25.7)

25.4 (23.2, 26.8)

0.100

WC (cm)

90.7 ± 9.1

92.1 ± 10.3

91.4 ± 9.6

92.6 ± 7.6

0.079

Smoking, n (%)

381 (34.0)

129 (35.8)

28 (29.5)

9 (20.0)

0.150

Hypertension

481 (42.9)

257 (71.4) ^a

84 (88.4) ^ab

34 (75.6) ^a

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

135 ± 18

145 ± 21^a

152 ± 22^ab

137 ± 20^bc

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

83 ± 11

86 ± 12 ^a

85 ± 12

79 ± 12^abc

< 0.001

PP (mmHg)

50 (41, 60)

56 (45, 68) ^a

67 (50, 79) ^ab

57 (42, 73) ^ac

< 0.001

Duration of hypertension (years)

0 (0, 4)

1 (0, 10) ^a

3 (0, 10) ^ab

5 (0, 10) ^a

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

7.73 (6.27, 9.78)

8.93 (6.67, 11.36) ^a

7.44 (5.51, 10.80) ^b

6.90 (6.16, 9.50) ^b

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

9.3 ± 2.3

9.9 ± 2.2^a

9.0 ± 2.3^b

8.3 ± 2.5^ab

< 0.001

Scr (μmol/L)

66 (54, 76)

70 (57, 82) ^a

140 (114, 184) ^ab

114 (98, 125) ^ab

< 0.001

BUN (mmol/L)

4.85 (4.08, 5.92)

5.40 (4.40, 6.40) ^a

8.60 (7.18, 11.05) ^ab

6.92 (5.95, 8.95) ^ab

< 0.001

SUA (μmol/L)

338 (280, 404)

345 (289, 418) ^a

409 (378, 482) ^ab

428 (332, 486) ^ab

< 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

100.8 (91.2, 109.2)

94.6 (78.6, 107.5) ^a

43.0 (28.4, 49.9) ^ab

50.7 (45.9, 56.2) ^ab

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)

7 (4, 12)

95 (46, 217) ^a

432 (114, 1083) ^ab

6 (4, 15) ^bc

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.56 (1.04, 2.25)

1.74 (1.17, 2.78) ^a

1.74 (1.23, 2.52)

1.34 (1.03, 1.89) ^b

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.86 (4.08, 5.72)

5.11 (4.31, 6.18) ^a

4.99 (4.23, 5.97)

4.38 (3.69, 5.44) ^abc

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.07 (0.92, 1.24)

1.05 (0.90, 1.28)

1.08 (0.88, 1.31)

1.10 (0.98, 1.34)

0.735

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.02 (2.39, 3.60)

3.05 (2.40, 3.78)

2.80 (2.30, 3.77)

2.74 (1.98, 3.24)

0.221

ApoAI (mg/dL)

119.5 (107.1, 134.0)

120.0 (105.9, 138.3)

117.0 (102.4, 136.0)

125.2 (109.9, 142.5)

0.278

ApoB (mg/dL)

91.0 (74.1, 108.5)

96.8 (74.4, 114.8) ^a

89.4 (77.3, 112.0)

79.0 (61.7, 100.3) ^abc

< 0.01

ApoB/ApoAI

0.76 (0.60, 0.92)

0.79 (0.61, 1.01)

0.78 (0.61, 0.96)

0.65 (0.48, 0.83) ^abc

< 0.05

Anemia, n (%)

32 (2.9)

29 (8.1) ^a

39 (41.5) ^ab

11 (24.4) ^abc

< 0.001

Stroke, n (%)

69 (6.2)

40 (11.1) ^a

20 (21.1) ^ab

7 (15.6) ^a

< 0.001

Adverse cardiovascular event, n (%)

32 (2.9)

25 (6.9) ^a

7 (7.4) ^a

4 (8.9) ^a

< 0.01

Carotid plaque, n (%)

612 (55.4)

227 (66.4) ^a

73 (81.1) ^ab

32 (74.4) ^a

< 0.001

Carotid plaque score

1 (0, 3)

2 (0, 4) ^a

3 (1, 5) ^ab

2 (0, 4) ^a

< 0.001

PAD, n (%)

86 (7.8)

67 (18.8) ^a

36 (39.1) ^ab

8 (18.6) ^ac

< 0.001

DR, n (%)

111 (9.9)

83 (23.1) ^a

39 (41.1) ^ab

2 (4.4) ^bc

< 0.001

DPN, n (%)

418 (37.3)

213 (59.2) ^a

68 (71.6) ^ab

20 (44.4) ^c

< 0.001

Insulin administration, n (%)

231 (20.6)

104 (28.9) ^a

50 (52.6) ^ab

17 (37.8) ^a

< 0.001

Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)

307 (27.4)

103 (28.6)

36 (37.9)

20 (44.4) ^a

< 0.05

Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)

356 (31.8)

181 (50.3) ^a

70 (73.7) ^ab

29 (64.4) ^a

< 0.001

RASIs, n (%)

197 (17.6)

105 (29.2) ^a

46 (48.4) ^ab

20 (44.4) ^ab

< 0.001