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Table 2 Risk factors associated with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19 by Cox regression analysis

From: Diabetes, even newly defined by HbA1c testing, is associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death in adults with COVID-19

Variables

Univariable HR

(95% CI)

p value

Multivariable HR

(95% CI)

p value

Demographic and clinical characteristics

 Age (years)

1.08 (1.04–1.12)

<  0.001

1.07 (1.02–1.10)

0.001

 Sex-male

2.12 (0.95–4.72)

0.066

–

0.052

 Diabetes

3.80 (1.71–8.47)

0.001

2.64 (1.14–6.11)

0.024

  Diagnosed

4.03 (1.64–9.91)

0.002

–

–

  Undiagnosed

1.89 (1.18–3.05)

0.009

–

–

 Hypertension

1.45 (0.68–3.08)

0.339

–

–

 Coronary artery disease

1.05 (0.32–3.49)

0.935

–

–

 Cerebrovascular disease

2.68 (1.81–8.90)

0.108

–

–

 Chronic pulmonary disease

2.54 (0.96–6.71)

0.060

–

0.134

 qSOFA score

2.86 (1.68–4.87)

<  0.001

2.80 (1.58–4.97)

0.001

Laboratory findings at admission

 White blood cell count (×109/L)

1.19 (1.12–1.25)

<  0.001

–

–

 Lymphocyte count (×109/L)

0.29 (0.11–0.77)

0.013

–

0.351

 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.838

–

–

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.112

–

–

 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

1.14 (1.07–1.21)

<  0.001

–

–

 HbA1c (%)

1.09 (0.81–1.45)

0.577

–

–

 Interleukin-6 ≥ 13.26 pg/mLa

1.08 (0.49–2.36)

0.856

–

–

 D-dimer ≥1 μg/mLa

5.77 (1.99–16.69)

0.001

3.28 (1.12–9.64)

0.030

  1. a Median value. HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HR hazard ratio, qSOFA quick sequential organ failure assessment