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Table 3 Comparison of age, anthropometric indices, number of pregnancies, and socioeconomic factors among quartiles (Q1-Q4) of major extracted dietary patterns

From: A dietary pattern rich in fruits and dairy products is inversely associated to gestational diabetes: a case-control study in Iran

 

Fruits and dairy products

Red meat and plant- based foods

Snacks and high-fat foods

Carbohydrate-rich foods

 

Q1

Q4

Q1

Q4

Q1

Q4

Q1

Q4

Age

30.5 ± 5.7

29.2 ± 5.3

29.5 ± 5.9

30.2 ± 5.6

31.4 ± 5.4

28.3 ± 5.8

29.8 ± 5.4

30.0 ± 5.6

P *

0.010

0.255

< 0.001

0.615

Weight pre- pregnancy

66.4 ± 13.1

66.1 ± 11.6

64.8 ± 11.3

66.9 ± 10.6

67.2 ± 11.8

63.2 ± 13.1

66.9 ± 12.1

66.6.1 ± 13.6

P **

0.915

0.344

0.135

0.815

BMI pre- pregnancy

25.6 ± 4.8

25.8 ± 4.4

25.9 ± 4.4

25.8 ± 4.6

25.8 ± 4.4

26.4 ± 4.5

25.8 ± 4.2

26.4 ± 4.9

P **

0.996

0.844

0.178

0.235

Weight gain

8.6 ± 5.1

8.1 ± 4.9

8.2 ± 5.1

8.0 ± 4.6

8.2 ± 4.6

8.2 ± 5.3

8.2 ± 5.2

8.1 ± 5.1

P **

0.120

0.768

0.997

0.530

Education

 Non or primary

30.6 %

19.8 %

25.4 %

26 %

18 %

35.3 %

26.7 %

31.4 %

 High school and diploma

39.3 %

43 %

46.8 %

38.7 %

34.9 %

42.2 %

45.3 %

37.8 %

 College and university

30.1 %

37.2 %

27.7 %

35.3 %

47.1 %

22.5 %

27.9 %

30.8 %

p ***

0.061

0.086

< 0.001

0.202

Number of pregnancies

 First

33.1 %

33.5 %

29.7 %

28.3 %

24.3 %

39.5 %

32.9 %

27.3 %

 Second

32 %

37.6 %

32 %

34.7 %

37.6 %

34.3 %

30.6 %

39.5 %

 Third and more

34.9 %

28.9 %

38.4 %

37 %

38.2 %

26.2 %

36.4 %

33.1 %

p ***

0.459

0.331

0.004

0.184

Job

 House wife

89 %

87.2 %

89.6 %

88.4 %

82.6 %

91.3 %

92.4 %

88.3 %

 Employee

8.1 %

11.6 %

6.9 %

9.8 %

15.1 %

7.6 %

5.2 %

11.1 %

 Self-employment

2.9 %

1.2 %

3.5 %

1.7 %

2.3 %

1.2 %

2.3 %

0.6 %

p ***

0.533

0.357

0.134

0.003

Socioeconomic status

 Very low

20.2 %

6 %

20.8 %

10.8 %

9.4 %

17.3 %

17.5 %

13.5 %

 Lower medium

27.2 %

45.2 %

27.2 %

37.7 %

38.8 %

32.7 %

33.7 %

30.6 %

 Medium

52.6 %

47 %

50.9 %

49.1 %

48.2 %

48.8 %

46.4 %

54.7 %

 High

0 %

1.8 %

1.2 %

2.4 %

3.5 %

1.2 %

2.4 %

1.2 %

p ***

< 0.001

0.181

0.059

0.456

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables and percent for categorical variables
  2. *One-way analysis of variances
  3. **Non-normal distribution, Kruskal–Wallis test
  4. ***Chi-squared test