Table 2 The comparison of baseline characteristics between healthy pregnant women and suffered from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)a
variables | GDM (N = 306) | Healthy (N = 387) | p-value** |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 32.7 ± 5.3 | 28.30 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
Weight, pre-pregnancy b | 69.7 ± 12.4 | 63.4 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
BMI, pre-pregnancy b | 27.3 ± 4.5 | 24.8 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Weight gain b | 9.1 ± 5.2 | 7.4 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
Education | < 0.001 | ||
Illiterate or primary school | 44.2 % | 55.8 % | |
High school and diploma | 59.5 % | 40.5 % | |
College and university | 37.1 % | 62.9 % | |
Number of pregnancies | < 0.001 | ||
First | 30.1 % | 69.9 % | |
Second | 46.4 % | 53.6 % | |
Third and more | 53.5 % | 46.5 % | |
Gender of neonate | |||
Male | 46.5 % | 53.5 % | 0.249 |
Female | 43.6 % | 56.4 % | |
Job | |||
Housewife | 43.7 % | 56.3 % | 0.984 |
Employee | 43.7 % | 56.3 % | |
Self-employed | 46.2 % | 53.8 % | |
Socioeconomic status | |||
Very low | 55.4 % | 44.6 % | < 0.001 |
Lower medium | 27.4 % | 72.6 % | |
Medium | 53.1 % | 46.9 % | |
High | 20.0 % | 80.0 % | |
Active smoker | |||
Yes | 51.6 % | 48.4 % | 0.242 |
No | 43.6 % | 56.4 % | |
Activity | |||
None | 40.0 % | 60.0 % | |
Very low | 72.4 % | 27.6 % | < 0.001 |
Low | 29.0 % | 71.0 % | |
Medium | 54.5 % | 45.5 % | |
Hard | 38.1 % | 61.9 % | |