Outcomes | No. of studies | Pooled sample | Risk ratio (95% CI)* |
---|---|---|---|
Fetal | |||
 Congenital malformation | 1 | 336 | 0.37 (0.02 to 6.8) |
 Fetal distress | 1 | 457 | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.0) |
 Fetal macrosomia | 1 | 457 | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.56) |
 Intrauterine growth restriction | 2 | 5771 | 1.06 (0.59 to 1.90) |
 Oligohydramnios | 1 | 457 | 1.48 (0.60 to 3.7) |
 Placenta abruption | 5 | 6928 | 0.98 (0.37 to 2.61) |
 Placenta previa | 1 | 366 | 0.49 (0.03 to 9.5) |
 Spontaneous abortion | 4 | 366 | 0.45 (0.13 to 1.56) |
 Pregnancy loss (still births and spontaneous abortions) | 10 | 7342 | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.93) |
Perinatal | |||
 Postpartum hemorrhage | 3 | 746 | 0.88 (0.18 to 4.22) |
 Premature rupture of membranes | 3 | 6228 | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.70) |
 Preterm delivery | 7 | 7217 | 0.77 (0.47 to 1.25) |
 Preterm labour | 2 | 5862 | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.97) |
 Still birth | 4 | 536 | NA |
Neonatal | |||
 APGAR under 7 at five minutes | 3 | 1209 | 0.42 (0.03 to 5.31) |
 Low birth weight | 5 | 1759 | 0.80 (0.26 to 2.43) |
 Neonatal death | 2 | 1013 | 0.35 (0.17 to 0.72) |