Osawa (2018) [36]
|
193 T2DM/24 controls
|
Heart rate variability
|
Multivariate analysis (adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, T2DM duration, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking history): positive association
|
Meerwaldt (2005) [34]
|
33 T2DM and 13 T1DM/21 controls
|
Heart rate variability
|
Positive association
|
Orchard (2013) [35]
|
1185 T1DM
|
Heart rate variability
|
Positive association before adjustment for mean HbA1c over time; insignificant association after adjustment
|
Conway (2011) [42]
|
111 T1DM
|
Electrocardiographic abnormal heart rate response to deep breathing
|
Multivariate analysis (adjustment for age and updated mean, 18-year average, HbA1c): positive association
|