Table 2 Human studies investigating the association between skin AGEs and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
First Author (year) | Participants and diabetes type | Method of assessment of CAN | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Osawa (2018) [36] | 193 T2DM/24 controls | Heart rate variability | Multivariate analysis (adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, T2DM duration, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking history): positive association |
Meerwaldt (2005) [34] | 33 T2DM and 13 T1DM/21 controls | Heart rate variability | Positive association |
Orchard (2013) [35] | 1185 T1DM | Heart rate variability | Positive association before adjustment for mean HbA1c over time; insignificant association after adjustment |
Conway (2011) [42] | 111 T1DM | Electrocardiographic abnormal heart rate response to deep breathing | Multivariate analysis (adjustment for age and updated mean, 18-year average, HbA1c): positive association |