Characteristics | Event no. (n = 756) | Person-Year | IR | Crude | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
AGI users | |||||||
No | 351 | 20,529 | 17.10 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 405 | 20,654 | 19.61 | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 0.055 | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 0.010 |
Cumulative defined daily doses of AGI therapy, per year | |||||||
Non-users | 351 | 20,529 | 17.10 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
≦12.47 | 153 | 7129 | 21.46 | 1.26 (1.04–1.52) | 0.018 | 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | 0.141 |
12.47–74.96 | 134 | 7539 | 17.77 | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 0.730 | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) | 0.180 |
> 74.96 | 118 | 5986 | 17.92 | 1.17 (0.95–1.44) | 0.141 | 1.41 (1.14–1.74) | 0.001 |
P for trend | 0.191 | 0.002 | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | 318 | 20,740 | 15.33 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Male | 438 | 20,442 | 21.43 | 1.41 (1.22–1.63) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.35–1.82) | < 0.001 |
Age, years | |||||||
< 40 | 6 | 2072 | 2.90 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
40–64 | 195 | 20,794 | 9.38 | 3.31 (1.47–7.47) | 0.004 | 3.23 (1.42–7.31) | 0.005 |
≥ 65 | 555 | 18,316 | 30.30 | 11.22 (5.02–25.10) | < 0.001 | 7.25 (3.19–16.45) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidity | |||||||
Coronary artery disease | 414 | 18,013 | 22.98 | 1.57 (1.36–1.81) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.074 |
Stroke | 376 | 12,076 | 31.13 | 2.44 (2.12–2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (1.10–1.52) | 0.002 |
Heart failure | 204 | 5645 | 36.14 | 2.40 (2.04–2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.09–1.58) | 0.004 |
PAOD | 89 | 3918 | 22.72 | 1.29 (1.03–1.61) | 0.026 | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.401 |
Atrial fibrillation | 67 | 1432 | 46.80 | 2.80 (2.18–3.60) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.91–1.56) | 0.201 |
CCI score | |||||||
0 | 163 | 19,848 | 8.21 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
1 | 154 | 8752 | 17.60 | 2.16 (1.74–2.70) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.28–2.02) | < 0.001 |
≧2 | 439 | 12,583 | 34.89 | 4.36 (3.64–5.22) | < 0.001 | 2.41 (1.97–2.96) | < 0.001 |
aDCSI score | |||||||
0 | 63 | 6103 | 10.32 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
1 | 44 | 4188 | 10.51 | 1.02 (0.69–1.49) | 0.931 | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 0.722 |
≧2 | 649 | 30,892 | 21.01 | 2.08 (1.61–2.70) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) | 0.594 |
Medications | |||||||
Other antidiabetic drugs | |||||||
Metformin | 671 | 37,840 | 17.73 | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.002 | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.081 |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 65 | 14,417 | 4.51 | 0.17 (0.13–0.22) | < 0.001 | 0.25 (0.19–0.33) | < 0.001 |
Sulfonylurea | 667 | 36,947 | 18.05 | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.167 | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.595 |
TZD | 207 | 17,940 | 11.54 | 0.48 (0.41–0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | < 0.001 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs | |||||||
ACEI/ARB | 648 | 34,009 | 19.05 | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) | 0.026 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 0.029 |
β-blocker | 469 | 23,231 | 20.19 | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | 0.003 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 0.041 |
Calcium-channel blocker | 501 | 24,484 | 20.46 | 1.33 (1.14–1.54) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 0.613 |
Diuretic | 564 | 23,882 | 23.62 | 2.12 (1.80–2.49) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | < 0.001 |
Potassium sparing diuretic | 295 | 8435 | 34.97 | 2.50 (2.16–2.89) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.29–1.77) | < 0.001 |
Other drugs | |||||||
Statin | 352 | 25,739 | 13.68 | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.59–0.80) | < 0.001 |
Aspirin | 523 | 24,954 | 20.96 | 1.44 (1.24–1.68) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 0.140 |