Skip to main content

Table 2 Mortality risk in patients with T2DM receiving insulin treatment

From: Long-term outcomes of adding alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Event no. (n = 756)

Person-Year

IR

Crude

Adjusted

HR (95% CI)

p value

HR (95% CI)

P value

AGI users

 No

351

20,529

17.10

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Yes

405

20,654

19.61

1.15 (1.00–1.33)

0.055

1.21 (1.05–1.40)

0.010

Cumulative defined daily doses of AGI therapy, per year

 Non-users

351

20,529

17.10

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

12.47

153

7129

21.46

1.26 (1.04–1.52)

0.018

1.15 (0.95–1.40)

0.141

 12.47–74.96

134

7539

17.77

1.04 (0.85–1.26)

0.730

1.15 (0.94–1.40)

0.180

 > 74.96

118

5986

17.92

1.17 (0.95–1.44)

0.141

1.41 (1.14–1.74)

0.001

P for trend

    

0.191

 

0.002

Gender

 Female

318

20,740

15.33

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Male

438

20,442

21.43

1.41 (1.22–1.63)

< 0.001

1.57 (1.35–1.82)

< 0.001

Age, years

 < 40

6

2072

2.90

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 40–64

195

20,794

9.38

3.31 (1.47–7.47)

0.004

3.23 (1.42–7.31)

0.005

 ≥ 65

555

18,316

30.30

11.22 (5.02–25.10)

< 0.001

7.25 (3.19–16.45)

< 0.001

Comorbidity

 Coronary artery disease

414

18,013

22.98

1.57 (1.36–1.81)

< 0.001

0.86 (0.73–1.01)

0.074

 Stroke

376

12,076

31.13

2.44 (2.12–2.82)

< 0.001

1.3 (1.10–1.52)

0.002

 Heart failure

204

5645

36.14

2.40 (2.04–2.82)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.09–1.58)

0.004

 PAOD

89

3918

22.72

1.29 (1.03–1.61)

0.026

0.91 (0.72–1.14)

0.401

 Atrial fibrillation

67

1432

46.80

2.80 (2.18–3.60)

< 0.001

1.19 (0.91–1.56)

0.201

CCI score

 0

163

19,848

8.21

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 1

154

8752

17.60

2.16 (1.74–2.70)

< 0.001

1.61 (1.28–2.02)

< 0.001

2

439

12,583

34.89

4.36 (3.64–5.22)

< 0.001

2.41 (1.97–2.96)

< 0.001

aDCSI score

 0

63

6103

10.32

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 1

44

4188

10.51

1.02 (0.69–1.49)

0.931

1.07 (0.73–1.58)

0.722

2

649

30,892

21.01

2.08 (1.61–2.70)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.69–1.23)

0.594

Medications

 Other antidiabetic drugs

  Metformin

671

37,840

17.73

0.69 (0.55–0.87)

0.002

0.79 (0.60–1.03)

0.081

  DPP-4 inhibitor

65

14,417

4.51

0.17 (0.13–0.22)

< 0.001

0.25 (0.19–0.33)

< 0.001

  Sulfonylurea

667

36,947

18.05

0.86 (0.69–1.07)

0.167

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

0.595

  TZD

207

17,940

11.54

0.48 (0.41–0.57)

< 0.001

0.64 (0.54–0.76)

< 0.001

 Anti-hypertensive drugs

  ACEI/ARB

648

34,009

19.05

1.26 (1.03–1.55)

0.026

0.78 (0.63–0.97)

0.029

  β-blocker

469

23,231

20.19

1.25 (1.08–1.45)

0.003

0.83 (0.70–0.99)

0.041

  Calcium-channel blocker

501

24,484

20.46

1.33 (1.14–1.54)

< 0.001

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

0.613

  Diuretic

564

23,882

23.62

2.12 (1.80–2.49)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.18–1.74)

< 0.001

  Potassium sparing diuretic

295

8435

34.97

2.50 (2.16–2.89)

< 0.001

1.51 (1.29–1.77)

< 0.001

 Other drugs

  Statin

352

25,739

13.68

0.51 (0.44–0.59)

< 0.001

0.69 (0.59–0.80)

< 0.001

  Aspirin

523

24,954

20.96

1.44 (1.24–1.68)

< 0.001

1.15 (0.95–1.39)

0.140

  1. Adjusted HR was adjusted for sex, age, all comorbidities, and medications in Cox proportional hazards regression
  2. SD Standard deviation, PAOD Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, aDCSI Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index, DPP-4 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, TZD Thiazolidinedione, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker