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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with T2DM receiving insulin with or without AGIs

From: Long-term outcomes of adding alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes

Variable

Before PSM

P-value

After PSM

P-value

DM with insulin treatment

DM with insulin treatment

Total

N = 14,018

Non-AGI users (n = 6683)

AGI users (n = 7335)

Total

N = 8330

Non-AGI users (n = 4165)

AGI users (n = 4165)

n

n (%) / Mean (SD)

n (%) / Mean (SD)

n

n (%) / Mean (SD)

n (%) / Mean (SD)

Gender

0.027

   

0.324

 Female

6736

3146 (47.1)

3590 (48.9)

 

4001

1978 (47.5)

2023 (48.6)

 

 Male

7282

3537 (52.9)

3745 (51.1)

 

4329

2187 (52.5)

2142 (51.4)

 

Age, years

< 0.001

   

0.864

 < 40

684

356 (5.3)

328 (4.5)

 

345

177 (4.3)

168 (4.0)

 

 40–64

6463

2871 (43.0)

3592 (49.0)

 

3814

1900 (45.6)

1914 (46.0)

 

 ≥ 65

6871

3456 (51.7)

3415 (46.6)

 

4171

2088 (50.1)

2083 (50.0)

 

 Mean (SD)

 

64.7 (14.1)

63.3 (12.9)

< 0.001

 

64.3 (13.2)

64.2 (13.1)

0.833

Comorbidity

 Coronary artery disease

6334

2895 (43.3)

3439 (46.9)

< 0.001

3773

1887 (45.3)

1886 (45.3)

0.982

 Stroke

4609

2233 (33.4)

2376 (32.4)

0.199

2740

1380 (33.1)

1360 (32.7)

0.641

 Heart failure

2403

1178 (17.6)

1225 (16.7)

0.146

1391

696 (16.7)

695 (16.7)

0.977

 PAOD

1429

629 (9.4)

800 (10.9)

0.004

892

438 (10.5)

454 (10.9)

0.571

 Atrial fibrillation

672

358 (5.4)

314 (4.3)

0.003

387

188 (4.5)

199 (4.8)

0.567

CCI score

< 0.001

   

0.811

 0

6281

2809 (42)

3472 (47.3)

 

3702

1857 (44.6)

1845 (44.3)

 

 1

2954

1420 (21.2)

1534 (20.9)

 

1748

862 (20.7)

886 (21.3)

 

2

4783

2454 (36.7)

2329 (31.8)

 

2880

1446 (34.7)

1434 (34.4)

 

aDCSI score

< 0.001

   

0.867

 0

1903

1065 (15.9)

838 (11.4)

 

1079

534 (12.8)

545 (13.1)

 

 1

1268

590 (8.8)

678 (9.2)

 

725

358 (8.6)

367 (8.8)

 

2

10,847

5028 (75.2)

5819 (79.3)

 

6526

3273 (78.6)

3253 (78.1)

 

Medications

 Insulin

  Basal insulin

7355

2772 (41.5)

4583 (62.5)

< 0.001

4535

2271 (54.5)

2264 (54.4)

0.878

  Premixed insulin

4226

1451 (21.7)

2775 (37.8)

< 0.001

2535

1268 (30.4)

1267 (30.4)

0.981

  Prandial insulin

12,763

5966 (89.3)

6797 (92.7)

< 0.001

7602

3805 (91.4)

3797 (91.2)

0.756

 Other antidiabetic drugs

  Metformin

11,807

4938 (73.9)

6869 (93.6)

< 0.001

7620

3827 (91.9)

3793 (91.1)

0.182

  DPP-4 inhibitor

4825

1403 (21)

3422 (46.7)

< 0.001

2736

1349 (32.4)

1387 (33.3)

0.375

  Sulfonylurea

11,536

4848 (72.5)

6688 (91.2)

< 0.001

7408

3719 (89.3)

3689 (88.6)

0.295

  TZD

5914

1684 (25.2)

4230 (57.7)

< 0.001

3307

1642 (39.4)

1665 (40)

0.607

 Antihypertensive drugs

  ACEI/ARB

11,229

5060 (75.7)

6169 (84.1)

< 0.001

6788

3406 (81.8)

3382 (81.2)

0.498

  β-blocker

7654

3462 (51.8)

4192 (57.2)

< 0.001

4392

2204 (52.9)

2188 (52.5)

0.726

  Calcium-channel blocker

8078

3683 (55.1)

4395 (59.9)

< 0.001

4690

2353 (56.5)

2337 (56.1)

0.724

  Diuretic

8148

3731 (55.8)

4417 (60.2)

< 0.001

4666

2354 (56.5)

2312 (55.5)

0.354

  Potassium sparing diuretic

3091

1354 (20.3)

1737 (23.7)

< 0.001

1757

891 (21.4)

866 (20.8)

0.502

 Other drugs

  Statin

8013

3134 (46.9)

4879 (66.5)

< 0.001

4877

2443 (58.7)

2434 (58.4)

0.841

  Aspirin

8208

3751 (56.1)

4457 (60.8)

< 0.001

4740

2389 (57.4)

2351 (56.4)

0.401

  DM duration, year

 

12.1 (4.5)

12.8 (4.5)

< 0.001

 

12.3 (4.4)

12.3 (4.7)

0.981

  1. SD Standard deviation, PAOD Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, aDCSI Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, TZD Thiazolidinedione, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker