Variable | Before PSM | P-value | After PSM | P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM with insulin treatment | DM with insulin treatment | |||||||
Total N = 14,018 | Non-AGI users (n = 6683) | AGI users (n = 7335) | Total N = 8330 | Non-AGI users (n = 4165) | AGI users (n = 4165) | |||
n | n (%) / Mean (SD) | n (%) / Mean (SD) | n | n (%) / Mean (SD) | n (%) / Mean (SD) | |||
Gender | 0.027 | 0.324 | ||||||
Female | 6736 | 3146 (47.1) | 3590 (48.9) | 4001 | 1978 (47.5) | 2023 (48.6) | ||
Male | 7282 | 3537 (52.9) | 3745 (51.1) | 4329 | 2187 (52.5) | 2142 (51.4) | ||
Age, years | < 0.001 | 0.864 | ||||||
< 40 | 684 | 356 (5.3) | 328 (4.5) | 345 | 177 (4.3) | 168 (4.0) | ||
40–64 | 6463 | 2871 (43.0) | 3592 (49.0) | 3814 | 1900 (45.6) | 1914 (46.0) | ||
≥ 65 | 6871 | 3456 (51.7) | 3415 (46.6) | 4171 | 2088 (50.1) | 2083 (50.0) | ||
Mean (SD) | 64.7 (14.1) | 63.3 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 64.3 (13.2) | 64.2 (13.1) | 0.833 | ||
Comorbidity | ||||||||
Coronary artery disease | 6334 | 2895 (43.3) | 3439 (46.9) | < 0.001 | 3773 | 1887 (45.3) | 1886 (45.3) | 0.982 |
Stroke | 4609 | 2233 (33.4) | 2376 (32.4) | 0.199 | 2740 | 1380 (33.1) | 1360 (32.7) | 0.641 |
Heart failure | 2403 | 1178 (17.6) | 1225 (16.7) | 0.146 | 1391 | 696 (16.7) | 695 (16.7) | 0.977 |
PAOD | 1429 | 629 (9.4) | 800 (10.9) | 0.004 | 892 | 438 (10.5) | 454 (10.9) | 0.571 |
Atrial fibrillation | 672 | 358 (5.4) | 314 (4.3) | 0.003 | 387 | 188 (4.5) | 199 (4.8) | 0.567 |
CCI score | < 0.001 | 0.811 | ||||||
0 | 6281 | 2809 (42) | 3472 (47.3) | 3702 | 1857 (44.6) | 1845 (44.3) | ||
1 | 2954 | 1420 (21.2) | 1534 (20.9) | 1748 | 862 (20.7) | 886 (21.3) | ||
≧2 | 4783 | 2454 (36.7) | 2329 (31.8) | 2880 | 1446 (34.7) | 1434 (34.4) | ||
aDCSI score | < 0.001 | 0.867 | ||||||
0 | 1903 | 1065 (15.9) | 838 (11.4) | 1079 | 534 (12.8) | 545 (13.1) | ||
1 | 1268 | 590 (8.8) | 678 (9.2) | 725 | 358 (8.6) | 367 (8.8) | ||
≧2 | 10,847 | 5028 (75.2) | 5819 (79.3) | 6526 | 3273 (78.6) | 3253 (78.1) | ||
Medications | ||||||||
Insulin | ||||||||
Basal insulin | 7355 | 2772 (41.5) | 4583 (62.5) | < 0.001 | 4535 | 2271 (54.5) | 2264 (54.4) | 0.878 |
Premixed insulin | 4226 | 1451 (21.7) | 2775 (37.8) | < 0.001 | 2535 | 1268 (30.4) | 1267 (30.4) | 0.981 |
Prandial insulin | 12,763 | 5966 (89.3) | 6797 (92.7) | < 0.001 | 7602 | 3805 (91.4) | 3797 (91.2) | 0.756 |
Other antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
Metformin | 11,807 | 4938 (73.9) | 6869 (93.6) | < 0.001 | 7620 | 3827 (91.9) | 3793 (91.1) | 0.182 |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 4825 | 1403 (21) | 3422 (46.7) | < 0.001 | 2736 | 1349 (32.4) | 1387 (33.3) | 0.375 |
Sulfonylurea | 11,536 | 4848 (72.5) | 6688 (91.2) | < 0.001 | 7408 | 3719 (89.3) | 3689 (88.6) | 0.295 |
TZD | 5914 | 1684 (25.2) | 4230 (57.7) | < 0.001 | 3307 | 1642 (39.4) | 1665 (40) | 0.607 |
Antihypertensive drugs | ||||||||
ACEI/ARB | 11,229 | 5060 (75.7) | 6169 (84.1) | < 0.001 | 6788 | 3406 (81.8) | 3382 (81.2) | 0.498 |
β-blocker | 7654 | 3462 (51.8) | 4192 (57.2) | < 0.001 | 4392 | 2204 (52.9) | 2188 (52.5) | 0.726 |
Calcium-channel blocker | 8078 | 3683 (55.1) | 4395 (59.9) | < 0.001 | 4690 | 2353 (56.5) | 2337 (56.1) | 0.724 |
Diuretic | 8148 | 3731 (55.8) | 4417 (60.2) | < 0.001 | 4666 | 2354 (56.5) | 2312 (55.5) | 0.354 |
Potassium sparing diuretic | 3091 | 1354 (20.3) | 1737 (23.7) | < 0.001 | 1757 | 891 (21.4) | 866 (20.8) | 0.502 |
Other drugs | ||||||||
Statin | 8013 | 3134 (46.9) | 4879 (66.5) | < 0.001 | 4877 | 2443 (58.7) | 2434 (58.4) | 0.841 |
Aspirin | 8208 | 3751 (56.1) | 4457 (60.8) | < 0.001 | 4740 | 2389 (57.4) | 2351 (56.4) | 0.401 |
DM duration, year | 12.1 (4.5) | 12.8 (4.5) | < 0.001 | 12.3 (4.4) | 12.3 (4.7) | 0.981 |