Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects from different groups

Age^a

52.98 ± 6.39

53.58 ± 6.82

Sex, male/female (%)

32/32

32/32

BMI (kg/m²)^a

25.15 ± 2.25

24.18 ± 2.62*

WHR

0.88 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.06

SBP (mmHg)

122.88 ± 14.04

125.05 ± 15.06

DBP (mmHg)

75.59 ± 11.89

73.09 ± 10.68

ALT (U/L)^a

17.00 (14.00–23.00)

25.00 (16.25–29.75)*

AST (U/L)^a

22.00 (18.00–24.00)

23.00 (20.00–26.75)

GGT (U/L)^a

25.00 (18.00–36.75)

29.00 (21.00–43.00)

HbA1c (%)

5.63 ± 0.49

5.69 ± 0.43

TC (mmol/L)

5.27 ± 0.86

5.25 ± 0.95

TG (mmol/L)^a

1.45 ± 0.87

1.80 ± 1.84

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.46 ± 0.86

3.37 ± 0.88

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)^a

1.28 ± 0.38

1.23 ± 0.37

SAT (cm²)^a

170.75 (139.35–216.08)

152.55 (126.98–200.88)

VAT (cm²)^a

86.97 (57.43–111.90)

94.22 (69.67–120.93)

VAT/SAT^a

0.47 (0.33–0.76)

0.52 (0.44–0.74)

BFR (%)^a

25.30 (19.50–32.20)

26.30 (21.10–31.10)

LUR (%)

25.00 ± 8.07

24.61 ± 7.76

RUR (%)

24.48 ± 7.94

23.88 ± 7.71

LLR (%)

26.95 ± 9.56

26.25 ± 10.19

RLR (%)

26.92 ± 9.51

26.02 ± 10.47

FPG (mmol/L)^a

5.20 (4.83–5.60)

5.10 (4.80–5.50)

2 h-PG (mmol/L)^a

6.10 (5.00–6.90)

8.90 (8.40–9.60)*

FINS (μU/mL)^a

7.96 (5.22–9.83)

8.64 (5.97–11.33)

HOMA-IR^a

1.74 (1.19–2.41)

2.03 (1.38–2.61)

HOMA-β^a

87.00 (64.55–119.05)

107.39 (70.54–146.16)

QUICKI^a

0.35 (0.33–0.37)

0.34 (0.33–0.36)

Matsuda ISI

6.12 ± 3.36

4.72 ± 2.91*

Betatrophin (pg/mL)^a

708.52 (562.72–895.82)

729.72 (543.09–1022.67)