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Table 1 Patient characteristics summarized for the total population and patients with and without primary aldosteronism

From: Development of a clinical decision tool to reduce diagnostic testing for primary aldosteronism in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension

 

Total population

Primary aldosteronism

No primary aldosteronism

 

(n = 824)

(n = 40)

(n = 784)

Age (years)

53.2 (13.3)

53.9 (10.1)

53.2 (13.5)

Sex (female)

405 (49%)

8 (20%)

397 (51%)

Family history of hypertension

510 (66%)

27 (69%)

483 (66%)

Office blood pressure (mmHg)

171/98 (26/14)

168/103 (21/13)

171/98 (26/14)

Office heart rate (bpm)

74 (14)

68 (10)

74 (14)

24-h ambulatory blood pressure (mmHg)

144/86 (17/11)

149/90 (16/8)

144/86 (17/12)

Dipping (%)a

11 (7)

10 (7)

11 (7)

Number of antihypertensive medication classesb

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

ACE-inhibitor / ARB / direct renin inhibitor

572 (69%)

27 (68%)

545 (70%)

Diuretic

385 (47%)

18 (45%)

367 (47%)

Potassium-sparing diuretic

22 (3%)

0 (0%)

22 (3%)

Mineralocorticoid antagonist

93 (11%)

6 (15%)

87 (11%)

BMI (kg/m2)

28 (5)

30 (4)

28 (5)

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

37 (33–40)

36 (33–39)

37 (33–40)

Probable obstructive sleep apneac

125 (19%)

11 (34%)

114 (19%)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

139 (3)

140 (2)

139 (3)

Serum potassium (mmol/L)

3.9 (0.4)

3.5 (0.5)

4.0 (0.4)

Hypokalemia (<  3.5 mmol/L)

40 (11%)

9 (45%)

31 (9%)

Potassium supplementation

9 (1%)

3 (8%)

6 (1%)

eGFR (mmol/L/1.73m2)d

84 (20)

83 (20)

84 (20)

Albuminuria category 2 (ACR 3–30 mg/mmol)

117 (19%)

10 (30%)

107 (19%)

Albuminuria category 3 (ACR > 30 mg/mmol)

25 (4%)

3 (9%)

22 (4%)

Use of escape medication

176 (22%)

14 (36%)

162 (21%)

Aldosterone/renin ratio > 5 pmol/fmol/s

137 (17%)

40 (100%)

97 (12%)

Plasma aldosterone after salt loading test (pmol/L)

170 (90–290)

365 (310–635)

110 (70–180)

Fulfill Endocrine Society Guideline Criteria

687 (94%)

34 (100%)

653 (93%)

  1. Based on non-imputed data, data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or n (%) for the patients with non-missing values for that characteristic. aDipping defined as mean BP at daytime minus mean BP at night-time divided by mean BP at daytime * 100%. bAntihypertensive medication classes divided into: ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, beta blockers, alpha blockers, direct renin inhibitors, direct vasodilators, or central acting antihypertensive drugs. cIntermediate to high risk determined by the Philips questionnaire and RUSleeping RTS showing > 15 apneas per hour. dEstimated glomerular filtration rate by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio.