Table 4 Socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with glycaemic control
HbA1 < 7 (N = 294) | HbA1 ≥ 7 (N = 392) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
Age (Mean, SD; years) | 62.99 (12.71) | 63.24 (12.37) | .788 |
Sex (N, %) | |||
Male | 182 (45.7) | 216 (54.3) | .074 |
Female | 112 (38.9) | 176 (61.1) | |
Urbanicity (N, %) | |||
Rural | 9 (33.3) | 18 (66.7) | .316 |
Urban | 250 (43.1) | 330 (56.9) | |
Marital Status (N, %) | |||
Married | 124 (39.2) | 192 (60.8) | .639 |
Divorced | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | |
Single | 34 (44.4) | 40 (55.6) | |
Educational Level (N, %) | |||
≤ 12 years of education | 100 (41.7) | 140 (58.3) | .643 |
> 12 years of education (college or university) | 30 (38.6) | 43 (61.4) | |
Employment status (N, %) | |||
Employed | 34 (37.0) | 58 (63.0) | .648 |
Economically inactive/student | 110 (42.1) | 151 (57.9) | |
Unemployed | 25 (43.1) | 33 (56.9) | |
Clinical characteristics | |||
T2DM duration (N, %) | |||
6 months to 5 years | 97 (40.9) | 140 (59.1) | .677 |
6–10 years | 63 (42.3) | 86 (57.7) | |
≥ 10 years | 134 (44.7) | 166 (55.3) | |
Family history of diabetes (N, %) | |||
No | 166 (46.5) | 191 (53.5) | .045 |
Yes | 128 (38.9) | 201 (61.1) | |
Dyslipidemia (N, %) | |||
No | 115 (45.1) | 140 (54.9) | .380 |
Yes | 179 (41.5) | 252 (58.5) | |
Hypertension (N, %) | |||
No | 113 (42.0) | 156 (58.0) | .752 |
Yes | 181 (43.4) | 236 (56.6) | |
Pharmacological treatment (N, %) | |||
Oral antidiabetic agents only | 187 (40.6) | 274 (59.4) | .010 |
Injectable antidiabetic agents only | 47 (58.0) | 34 (42.0) | |
Oral and injectable antidiabetic agents | 44 (38.9) | 69 (61.1) | |
No. of antidiabetic agents (N, %) | |||
1 | 177 (43.3) | 232 (56.7) | .843 |
2 | 79 (41.4) | 112 (58.6) | |
≥ 3 | 22 (40.0) | 33 (60.0) | |
BP (N, %; (mm/Hg) | |||
< 130/80 | 82 (42.1) | 113 (57.9) | .892 |
≥ 130/80 | 116 (41.4) | 164 (58.6) | |
Body mass index (N, %; kg/m2) | |||
< 25.0 | 32 (48.5) | 34 (51.5) | .420 |
25.0–29.9 | 80 (44.7) | 99 (55.3) | |
≥30 | 161 (40.9) | 223 (59.1) | |
LDL (N, %; mg/dl)) | |||
< 100 | 143 (47.5) | 158 (52.5) | .047 |
≥ 100 | 114 (39.3) | 176 (60.7) | |
HDL (N, %; mg/dl) | |||
> 40 | 191 (50.4) | 188 (49.6) | <.001 |
≤ 40 | 74 (32.3) | 155 (67.7) | |
TG (N, %; mg/dl) | |||
< 150 | 184(53.2) | 162 (46.8) | <.001 |
≥ 150 | 85 (31.3) | 187 (68.8) | |
Abdominal circumference (N, %; cm) | |||
Target not achieved | 127 (41.1) | 182 (58.6) | .725 |
Target achieved | 71 (42.8) | 95 (57.2) | |
Lifestyle behaviors | |||
Smoking (N, %) | |||
No | 117 (42.7) | 157 (57.3) | .953 |
Former | 44 (41.5) | 62 (58.5) | |
Yes | 69 (41.3) | 98 (58.7) | |
Physical activity‡ | |||
No | 256 (42.9) | 341 (57.1) | .974 |
Yes | 38 (42.7) | 51 (57.3) | |
Alcohol consumption per day (N, %) | |||
0 drinks | 271 (43.6) | 351 (56.4) | .289 |
> 1 drink | 23 (35.9) | 41 (64.1) | |
Processed starch, 3 servings per day (N, %) | |||
No | 156 (44.1) | 198 (55.9) | .508 |
Yes | 158 (41.6) | 194 (58.4) | |
Whole grain cereals, 3 servings per day (N, %) | |||
No | 259 (42.4) | 352 (57.6) | .480 |
Yes | 35 (46.7) | 40 (53.3) | |
Consuming or cooking with vegetable oil, most days (N, %) | |||
No | 252 (42.9) | 335 (57.1) | .925 |
Yes | 42 (42.4) | 57 (57.6) | |