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Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in low-income patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico City by sex (340 females, and 173 males, N=513).

From: Influence of social determinants, diabetes knowledge, health behaviors, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: an analysis from real-world evidence

Continuous variables

All

Male

Female

p-value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Age, yrs

53.8

11.32

52.65

11.76

54.33

11.10

0.123

Body mass index, kg/m2

29.6

7.11

28.00

5.91

30.38

7.54

0.003

Years of disease

12.3

8.75

11.75

8.38

12.52

8.95

0.342

Socioeconomic status (score)a

80.4

40.51

85.23

40.73

77.81

40.44

0.052

Diabetes knowledge (SKILL-D Score)

3.06

2.37

3.42

2.49

2.90

2.29

0.021

Self-care behavior

 Diet

  Specific

2.90

1.85

2.81

1.77

2.94

1.91

0.452

  Global

2.36

2.09

2.37

2.15

2.38

2.08

0.970

  Total

2.63

1.68

2.59

1.67

2.66

1.70

0.666

Physical activity, days a week

1.85

2.31

1.88

2.20

1.83

2.38

0.819

Blood sugar testing, days a week

1.70

2.28

1.67

2.20

1.71

2.32

0.876

Foot care, days a week

3.39

3.19

3.04

3.15

3.57

3.19

0.073

Self-care global scoreb, days a week

2.37

1.57

2.29

1.43

2.41

1.64

0.371

HbA1c, %

9.64

2.19

9.45

2.24

9.74

2.16

0.166

Categorical variables

n

%

n

%

n

%

 

Education

 Null

22

4.3%

8

2.4%

6

3.5%

<0.001

 No read, no write

49

9.6%

19

5.6%

3

1.7%

 Primary school

198

38.6%

44

12.9%

5

2.9%

 Secondary school

118

23.0%

139

40.9%

59

34.1%

 Preparatory

79

15.4%

76

22.4%

42

24.3%

 University

33

6.4%

38

11.2%

41

23.7%

 No information

14

2.7%

16

4.7%

17

9.8%

Socioeconomic status

 A, B (> 193)

6

1.2%

4

1.2%

2

1.2%

0.834

 C+ (155 to 192)

28

5.5%

16

4.7%

12

6.9%

 C (128 to 154)

45

8.8%

31

9.1%

14

8.1%

 C- (105 to 127)

64

12.5%

40

11.8%

24

13.9%

 D+ (80 to 104)

123

24.0%

79

23.2%

44

25.4%

 D (33 to 79)

189

36.8%

127

37.4%

62

35.8%

 E (0 to 32)

20

3.9%

15

4.4%

5

2.9%

 No information

38

7.4%

28

8.2%

10

5.8%

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

249

48.5%

170

50.0%

79

45.7%

0.636

 High triglycerides

305

59.5%

199

58.5%

106

61.3%

0.721

 High total cholesterol

248

48.3%

174

51.2%

74

42.8%

0.152

Microvascular complications

 Retinopathy

123

24.0%

77

22.6%

46

26.6%

0.422

 Nephropathy

212

41.3%

122

35.9%

90

52.0%

<0.001

 Neuropathy

282

55.0%

178

52.4%

104

60.1%

0.066

  1. aScore for socioeconomic status. bDiet, physical activity, glucose and foot care divided by 4. SD Standard deviation.
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