Changes in serum zonulin in individuals with morbid obesity after weight-loss interventions: a prospective cohort study

Aasbrenn, Martin; Lydersen, Stian; Farup, Per G

doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00594-5

Table 3 Associations between s-zonulin and the explanatory variables overall and at the three points of time

From: Changes in serum zonulin in individuals with morbid obesity after weight-loss interventions: a prospective cohort study

	Overall		At inclusion		After the conservative weight loss intervention		After bariatric surgery
	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p
Sex (Female)	−1.32 (− 8.05 to 5.40)	0.70
Age	0.19 (− 0.15 to 0.54)	0.28
Body mass index	0.39 (−0.40 to 1.18)	0.33
Waist-hip-ratio	84.2 (18.2 to 150.2)	0.013	110.1 (39.1 to 181.1)	0.003	3.4 (− 154.7 to 161.5)	0.97	9.1 (− 122.7 to 140.9)	0.89
Irritable bowel syndrome	5.82 (−1.08 to 12.72)	0.10	10.16 (0.70 to 19.61)	0.04	1.19 (−11.80 to 14.17)	0.86	1.20 (−12.95 to 15.34)	0.87
GSRS-constipation	−0.23 (−3.56 to 3.09)	0.89	− 0.05 (−5.17 to 5.06)	0.98	− 0.01 (− 5.54 to 5.53)	1.00	− 0.91 (−7.75 to 5.93)	0.79
GSRS-diarrhoea	3.00 (0.06 to 5.95)	0.046	5.36 (1.30 to 9.42)	0.01	0.49 (−5.45 to 6.43)	0.87	0.42 (−5.50 to 6.33)	0.89
HbA1c (%)	4.44 (1.92 to 6.96)	0.001	5.48 (2.54 to 8.42)	< 0.001	1.39 (−4.01 to 6.78)	0.61	2.75 (−3.75 to 9.25)	0.41
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)	2.21 (1.09 to 3.33)	< 0.001	2.56 (1.30 to 3.81)	< 0.001	0.72 (−2.01 to 3.45)	0.60	1.58 (−2.44 to 5.59)	0.44
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	1.02 (0.45 to 1.58)	< 0.001	1.17 (0.52 to 1.82)	< 0.001	0.64 (−0.56 to 1.85)	0.30	0.37 (−1.67 to 2.42)	0.72
IL-6 (ng/mL)	1.51 (−0.04 to 3.07)	0.06	1.28 (−0.39 to 2.95)	0.13	NA		3.11 (−1.26 to 7.48)	0.16
TNF (ng/mL)	0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11)	0.69	0.03 (−0.08 to 0.14)	0.59	NA		−0.01 (− 0.16 to 0.15)	0.95
Gamma-GT (U/L)	0.16 (0.08 to 0.24)	< 0.001	0.18 (0.09 to 0.27)	< 0.001	0.02 (−0.18 to 0.22)	0.85	0.14 (−0.29 to 0.58)	0.52
Nutritional intake of
Energy (kJ)	1.87 (0.43 to 3.31)	0.01	2.30 (−0.71 to 3.90)	0.005	NA		−0.16 (4.05 to 3.73)	0.94
Proteins (g)	0.23 (0.08 to 0.38)	0.003	0.28 (0.11 to 0.44)	0.001	NA		0.007 (−0.325 to 0.339)	0.97
Fats (g)	0.18 (0.05 to 0.30)	0.006	0.19 (0.06 to 0.32)	0.003	NA		−0.06 (−0.47 to 0.35)	0.77
Carbohydrates (g)	0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.13	0.04 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.12	NA		0.004 (−0.125 to 0.134)	0.95
Starch (g)	0.54 (−0.59 to 0.17)	0.35	0.07 (−0.05 to 0.19)	0.26	NA		−0.04 (− 0.32 to 0.24)	0.78
Fibre (g)	0.34 (−0.17 to 0.84)	0.19	0.50 (−0.07 to 1.08)	0.09	NA		−0.27 (−1.23 to 0.70)	0.59
Sugar (g)	0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11)	0.46	0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11)	0.48	NA		0.10 (−0.46 to 0.67)	0.72
Non-nutritive sweeteners (u)^a	0.68 (0.19 to 1.17)	0.007	0.76 (0.23 to 1.30)	0.006	NA		0.30 (−0.72 to 1.32)	0.56
Dysbiosis index^b	6.95 (3.11 to 10.80)	0.001	6.76 (2.32 to 11.19)	0.003	NA		7.54 (−1.35 to 16.43)	0.10

Analyses with linear mixed models with zonulin as dependent variable, and patient as random effect. The fixed effects in the left column are sex, age, body mass index, the explanatory variable in the same row and time (as a three level categorical covariate). In the three other columns, the fixed effects are sex, age, body mass index and time (with the time point given in the heading of the column as reference), the explanatory variable in the same row and the interaction term between this explanatory variable and time
S-zonulin Serum-zonulin, TNF Tumour necrosis factor, GSRS Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, NA Not available, Gamma-GT Gamma-glutamyltransferase
^aOne unit corresponds to 100 ml of beverage with non-nutritive sweeteners
^bThe dysbiosis index range from 1 to 5, values > 2 indicate gut microbial dysbiosis

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