Key risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) | |
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▪ Increased body weight - overweight or obesity (body mass index, BMI, ≥25 kg/m2 for Caucasian adults) ▪ Increased abdominal/visceral adiposity - central/android obesity, increased waist circumference independent of BMI ▪ Other metabolic syndrome components (e.g. hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol plasma levels, hypertension) ▪ Unhealthy eating/dietary habits (e.g. high consumption of processed red meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol, and/or low consumption of fruits, vegetables, high-fiber and whole grain foods) ▪ Sedentary lifestyle - decreased physical activity ▪ Cigarette/tobacco smoking ▪ Aging (older age) ▪ Race/Ethnicity (non-white ethnic background/ancestry) ▪ T2DM family history (particularly with first degree relatives and with earlier age of onset) ▪ Genetic predisposition/factors ▪ Gestational diabetes mellitus history ▪ Low socioeconomic status, deprivation ▪ Stress, anxiety and depression ▪ Certain medications (e.g. certain statins and beta-blockers) |