Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study population

Age (y)

10.31 ± 2.45

11.03 ± 2.76

BMI (kg/m²)

17.35 ± 2.05

28.26 ± 3.84^b

SDS-BMI

0.42 ± 0.78

2.85 ± 0.92^b

Weight (kg)

38.65 ± 7.26

60.03 ± 12.26^b

Height (m)

1.48 ± 0.32

1.52 ± 0.28

WHtR

0.42 ± 0.21

0.65 ± 0.26^b

WC (cm)

63.45 ± 7.06

93.56 ± 11.28^b

WHR

0.79 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.07^b

SBP (mm Hg)

92.2 ± 5.6

108.6 ± 12.7^b

DBP (mm Hg)

76.5 ± 3.6

80.8 ± 4.5^a

SDS-SBP

1.49 ± 0.83

1.91 ± 0.92^b

SDS-DBP

0.93 ± 0.41

1.22 ± 0.73^b

FPG (mmol/L)

4.36 ± 0.82

5.13 ± 0.63

2-h PG (mmol/L)

6.08 ± 1.03

6.83 ± 1.27

Insulin (lU/mL)

12.0 ± 2.9

15.8 ± 4.9 ^a

2-h Insulin (lU/mL)

73.5 ± 8.5

79.1 ± 11.2 ^a

HOMA-IR

2.63 (1.56, 4.38)

3.29 (2.21, 5.69)^a

TC (mmol/L)

3.94 ± 0.63

3.89 ± 0.55

TGs (mmol/L)

1.05 ± 0.31

1.43 ± 0.62^a

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.41 ± 0.46

1.39 ± 0.35

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.31 ± 0.93

2.46 ± 1.01^a

Adiponectin (μg/mL)

11.28 ± 1.53

6.38 ± 0.96^b

Obestatin (pg/mL)

236.32 ± 30.54

135.04 ± 24.36^b

Vaspin (μg/mL)

4.87 ± 0.93

10.81 ± 1.07^b

Visfatin (μg/mL)

36.54 ± 9.31

73.60 ± 14.86^b

hsCRP (ng/mL)

1086.58 ± 165.61

1423.05 ± 221.36^b

IL-6 (pg/mL)

18.34 ± 4.29

32.42 ± 6.71^b

TNF-α (ng/mL)

25.16 ± 5.34

50.24 ± 13.43^b

ICAM-1 (μg/mL)

6.21 ± 1.14

11.36 ± 1.56^b

VCAM-1 (μg/mL)

153.49 ± 22.53

251.34 ± 38.57^b

Ang-2 (pg/mL)

83.56 ± 10.28

121.38 ± 16.58^b

E-selectin (ng/mL)

15.36 ± 3.59

32.53 ± 9.05^b