Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Characteristic | Total |  |  | 19–54 years |  |  | ≥ 55 years |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Men (n = 4627) | Women (n = 6509) | p-value | Men (n = 2368) | Women (n = 3556) | p-value | Men (n = 2259) | Women (n = 2953) | p-value |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 45.5 ± 16.1 | 47.0 ± 16.1 | <  0.0001 | 36.4 ± 10.3 | 37.3 ± 9.9 | 0.0017 | 64.2 ± 7.6 | 64.8 ± 7.9 | 0.0178 |
Household income, n (%) | |||||||||
 Low | 821 (17.8) | 1292 (19.9) | <  0.0001 | 179 (7.6) | 257 (7.3) | 0.1290 | 642 (28.6) | 1035 (35.2) | <  0.0001 |
 Lower middle | 1163 (25.3) | 1695 (26.2) |  | 530 (22.5) | 889 (25.1) |  | 633 (28.2) | 806 (27.4) |  |
 Higher middle | 1296 (28.1) | 1742 (26.9) |  | 802 (34.0) | 1152 (32.5) |  | 494 (22.0) | 590 (20.1) |  |
 High | 1325 (28.8) | 1750 (27.0) |  | 848 (36.0) | 1244 (35.1) |  | 477 (21.2) | 506 (17.2) |  |
Educational level, n (%) | |||||||||
  ≤ Elementary school | 801 (17.5) | 1781 (27.6) | <  0.0001 | 61 (2.6) | 120 (3.4) | 0.0362 | 740 (33.2) | 1661 (56.9) | <  0.0001 |
 Middle school | 519 (11.3) | 675 (10.5) |  | 93 (4.0) | 204 (5.8) |  | 426 (19.1) | 471 (16.1) |  |
 High school | 1665 (36.3) | 2119 (32.8) |  | 1035 (44.0) | 1561 (44.1) |  | 630 (28.3) | 558 (19.1) |  |
  ≥ College | 1599 (34.9) | 1883 (29.2) |  | 1166 (49.5) | 1654 (46.7) |  | 433 (19.4) | 229 (7.9) |  |
Height (m), mean (SD) | 170.9 ± 6.7 | 157.7 ± 6.4 | <  0.0001 | 172.9 ± 6.1 | 159.9 ± 5.7 | <  0.0001 | 166.8 ± 5.9 | 153.7 ± 5.8 | <  0.0001 |
Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 71.2 ± 11.7 | 57.8 ± 9.2 | <  0.0001 | 73.3 ± 12.0 | 57.9 ± 9.6 | <  0.0001 | 66.8 ± 9.7 | 57.5 ± 8.5 | <  0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 23.2 ± 3.6 | <  0.0001 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 22.7 ± 3.6 | <  0.0001 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 0.0007 |
  < 18.5 (underweight), n (%) | 117 (2.5) | 316 (4.9) | <  0.0001 | 52 (2.2) | 265 (7.5) | <  0.0001 | 65 (2.9) | 51 (1.7) | 0.0324 |
  < 25 (normoweight), n (%) | 2772 (60.0) | 4267 (65.9) |  | 1350 (57.1) | 2508 (71.2) |  | 1422 (63.0) | 1759 (59.6) |  |
 ≥ 25 (overweight or obese), n (%) | 1733 (37.5) | 1893 (29.2) |  | 963 (40.7) | 752 (21.3) |  | 770 (34.1) | 1141 (38.7) |  |
Smokers, n (%) | |||||||||
 Non−/Ex-smoker | 2954 (64.6) | 6163 (95.7) | <  0.0001 | 1344 (57.0) | 3349 (94.3) | <  0.0001 | 1610 (72.7) | 2814 (97.4) | <  0.0001 |
 Current smoker | 1620 (35.4) | 277 (4.3) |  | 1016 (43.1) | 202 (5.7) |  | 604 (27.3) | 75 (2.6) |  |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||||||
 No | 237 (5.2) | 1165 (18.1) | <  0.0001 | 75 (3.2) | 291 (8.2) | <  0.0001 | 162 (7.3) | 874 (30.2) | <  0.0001 |
 Yes | 4342 (94.8) | 5285 (81.9) |  | 2285 (96.8) | 3260 (91.8) |  | 2057 (92.7) | 2025 (69.9) |  |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 84.8 ± 9.2 | 77.9 ± 9.7 | <  0.0001 | 84.4 ± 9.4 | 75.6 ± 9.3 | <  0.0001 | 85.6 ± 8.5 | 82.0 ± 9.1 | <  0.0001 |
High waist circumference, n (%) | 1289 (27.9) | 1605 (24.7) | <  0.0001 | 621 (26.2) | 531 (14.9) | <  0.0001 | 668 (29.6) | 1074 (36.4) | 0.0003 |
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 119.3 ± 14.6 | 113.9 ± 16.7 | <  0.0001 | 116.6 ± 12.7 | 107.9 ± 13.0 | <  0.0001 | 124.7 ± 16.7 | 124.7 ± 17.3 | 0.9926 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 77.7 ± 10.4 | 72.6 ± 9.7 | <  0.0001 | 78.3 ± 10.3 | 71.6 ± 9.4 | <  0.0001 | 76.4 ± 10.5 | 74.4 ± 10.1 | <  0.0001 |
HTN, n (%) | 1618 (35.0) | 1798 (27.6) | <  0.0001 | 471 (19.9) | 306 (8.6) | <  0.0001 | 1147 (50.8) | 1492 (50.5) | 0.9814 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 100.3 ± 22.2 | 96.4 ± 20.3 | <  0.0001 | 97.2 ± 20.4 | 92.7 ± 16.8 | <  0.0001 | 106.7 ± 24.2 | 103.1 ± 24.1 | <  0.0001 |
Glucose metabolism status, n (%) | |||||||||
 Normal | 2733 (59.1) | 4671 (71.8) | <  0.0001 | 1715 (72.4) | 2987 (84.0) | <  0.0001 | 1018 (45.1) | 1684 (57.0) | <  0.0001 |
 Prediabetes | 1256 (27.2) | 1192 (18.3) |  | 510 (21.5) | 450 (12.7) |  | 746 (33.0) | 742 (25.1) |  |
 DM | 638 (13.8) | 646 (9.9) |  | 143 (6.0) | 119 (3.4) |  | 495 (21.9) | 527 (17.9) |  |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 188.4 ± 35.9 | 189.7 ± 35.0 | 0.1211 | 190.0 ± 36.1 | 184.8 ± 32.7 | <  0.0001 | 185.1 ± 35.3 | 198.6 ± 37.2 | <  0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 156.2 ± 120.5 | 110.4 ± 74.0 | <  0.0001 | 157.9 ± 126.3 | 98.5 ± 70.2 | <  0.0001 | 152.8 ± 107.6 | 132.2 ± 75.7 | <  0.0001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 115.7 ± 32.7 | 115.5 ± 31.8 | 0.8742 | 118.5 ± 32.6 | 112.0 ± 29.8 | <  0.0001 | 110.1 ± 32.4 | 120.9 ± 34.0 | <  0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 47.7 ± 11.1 | 54.6 ± 12.3 | <  0.0001 | 48.2 ± 10.9 | 56.3 ± 12.2 | <  0.0001 | 46.7 ± 11.6 | 51.3 ± 12.0 | <  0.0001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 979 (21.2) | 668 (10.3) | <  0.0001 | 551 (23.3) | 263 (7.4) | <  0.0001 | 428 (19.0) | 405 (13.7) | <  0.0001 |
Low HDL cholesterol, n (%) | 1175 (25.4) | 2708 (41.6) | <  0.0001 | 533 (22.5) | 1176 (33.1) | <  0.0001 | 642 (28.4) | 1532 (51.9) | <  0.0001 |
Sedentary time (hour/day), mean (SD) | 7.3 ± 3.7 | 6.9 ± 3.6 | <  0.0001 | 7.5 ± 3.7 | 7.2 ± 3.6 | 0.0028 | 6.7 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 3.4 | 0.0266 |
  ≤ 7, n (%) | 2545 (55.9) | 3801 (59.6) | 0.0002 | 1171 (49.8) | 1979 (55.8) | 0.0011 | 1374 (62.4) | 1822 (64.4) | 0.0998 |
  > 7, n (%) | 2008 (44.1) | 2574 (40.4) |  | 1179 (50.2) | 1565 (44.2) |  | 829 (37.6) | 1008 (35.6) |  |