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Table 3 Statistical Testing for Differences in HEI-2010 Score by Education, Income, and Food Security

From: Diet quality trends among adults with diabetes by socioeconomic status in the U.S.: 1999–2014

Socioeconomic Indicator

Difference from Reference Group (95% CI)

p-value

Change in HEI-2010 per year (95% CI)

Trend p-value

Interaction Coefficient (95% CI)

Interaction p-value

Education

  

0.17 (0.04 to 0.31)

0.01

  

 <HS

Ref

n/a

  

Ref

n/a

 HS

2.42 (1.13 to 3.71)

<.001

  

−0.06 (−0.32 to 0.20)

0.66

 >HS

4.14 (2.98 to 5.29)

<.001

  

−0.07 (− 0.31 to 0.16)

0.56

Poverty to Income Ratio

  

0.18 (0.04 to 0.33)

0.01

  

 < 100%

Ref

n/a

  

Ref

n/a

 100–200%

0.74 (−0.79 to 2.27)

0.34

  

−0.10 (− 0.45 to 0.26)

0.59

 >200%

3.65 (2.35 to 4.95)

<.001

  

−0.06 (− 0.33 to 0.21)

0.65

Food Security Status

  

0.23 (0.09 to 0.37)

0.002

  

 Food Insecure

Ref

n/a

  

Ref

n/a

 Food Secure

2.06 (0.81 to 3.31)

0.002

  

0.12 (−0.16 to 0.42)

0.39

  1. Abbreviation: HEI-2010 Healthy Eating Index 2010, HS High School; Poverty to Income Ratio represents a ratio of participant’s household income to federal poverty threshold in year of data collection, accounting for household size. Results are from weighted linear regression model adjusted for race/ethnicity, year, age and gender. Models incorporate survey design information for standard errors and use dietary weights for representativeness. P-values are from t-statistics of regression coefficients. NHANES cycle was treated as an ordered categorical variable. For interaction testing, an interaction term between socioeconomic exposure and NHANES cycle was added to the ‘main effects’ model described above