Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients by presence of Lower Limb Amputation in diabetes clinic, 2010–2015
Parameters | Combined | Lower Limb Amputation | No Lower Limb Amputation | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3143) | (n = 78) | (n = 3065) | ||
Gender | ||||
Female, n (%) | 1952 (62.1) | 30 (38.5) | 1922(62.7) | < 0.001 |
Age, mean ± SD | 59.5 ± 14.6 | 62.2 ± 11.8 | 58.5 ± 14.9 | 0.02 |
Age at diagnosis, mean ± SD | 49.2 ± 11.2 | 46.2 ± 10.2 | 52.2 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes | 10.2 ± 5.6 | 10.9 ± 6.8 | 9.6 ± 4.9 | 0.08 |
Location of domicile | 0.29 | |||
Urban | 2567 (81.7) | 52 (56.7) | 2515 (82.1) | 0.002 |
Semi-urban | 409 (13.0) | 8 (10.3) | 401 (13.1) | 0.61 |
Rural | 167 (5.3) | 18 (23.1) | 149 (4.7) | < 0.001 |
Highest educational attainment | 0.03 | |||
None | 454 (14.3) | 23 (29.5) | 431 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Primary | 604 (19.2) | 23 (29.5) | 601 (19.6) | 0.04 |
Secondary | 1389 (44.2) | 26 (33.3) | 1644 (53.6) | < 0.001 |
Tertiary | 695 (22.1) | 6 (7.8) | 389 (12.7) | 0.23 |
Employment status | ||||
Skilled academic | 298 (9.5) | 21 (26.9) | 277 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
Manual worker | 1763 (56.1) | 32 (41.0) | 1731 (56.4) | 0.01 |
Retired | 426 (13.6) | 16 (20.5) | 410 (13.4) | 0.09 |
Unemployed | 517 (16.4) | 9 (11.5) | 508 (16.8) | 0.28 |
Duration before referral to Centre, mean ± SD (years) | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 5.4 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 2.2 | 0.001 |
Diabetes type | 0.25 | |||
Type 1 | 192 (6.1) | 2 (2.6) | 156 (5.1) | 0.43 |
Type 2 | 2793 (88.9) | 76 (97.8) | 2717 (88.6) | 0.001 |
Others | 168 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 192 (6.3) | – |
Vascular risk factors | ||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 2678 (85.2) | 74 (94.9) | 2604 (84.6) | 0.02 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1897 (60.4) | 59 (75.6) | 1838 (60.0) | 0.004 |
Cigarette smoking n (%) | 36 (1.1) | 9 (11.5) | 27 (0.9) | 0.84 |
Alcohol Use, n (%) | 756 (24.1) | 18 (23.1) | 738 (24.1) | 0.43 |
Waist-to-Hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.18 |
Body Mass Index, mean ± SD | 28.0 ± 3.3 | 26.0 ± 3.7 | 27.1 ± 3.6 | 0.007 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 143 ± 35.1 | 156 ± 43.1 | 130 ± 18.9 | 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 89.3 ± 23.2 | 96.2 ± 22.1 | 82.4 ± 14.4 | 0.0001 |
Therapy | ||||
Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) | 1245 (39.6) | 12 (15.4) | 1233 (40.2) | < 0.0001 |
Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | 1345 (42.8) | 23 (29.5) | 1322 (43.1) | 0.01 |
ACE/ARB Inhibition, n (%) | 2567 (81.7) | 35 (44.9) | 2532 (80.6) | < 0.0001 |
Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 2064 (65.7) | 64 (82.1) | 2000 (65.3) | < 0.0001 |
Centrally acting agents, n (%) | 478 (15.2) | 13 (16.7) | 465 (15.1) | 0.75 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 1567 (49.9) | 12 (15.4) | 1355 (44.2) | < 0.001 |
Metformin, n (%) | 2975 (94.7) | 48 (61.5) | 2927 (94.5) | < 0.001 |
Sulphonylureas, n (%) | 2456 (78.1) | 63 (80.8) | 2393 (78.1) | 0.68 |
DPP4 Inhibitors, n (%) | 102 (3.2) | 1 (1.3) | 101 (3.3) | 0.52 |
Insulin, n (%) | 624 (19.9) | 2 (2.6) | 622 (20.3) | < 0.001 |
Glycemic control | ||||
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 8.9 ± 5.2 | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 7.9 ± 4.5 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 2.1 | 10.4 ± 3.2 | 7.5 ± 4.2 | < 0.0001 |
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | 42.2 ± 9.8 | 29.2 ± 6.8 | 66.4 ± 5.6 | < 0.0001 |
Peripheral sensory neuropathy | 867 (27.6) | 66 (84.6) | 801 (26.1) | < 0.0001 |
Peripheral Vascular Disease | 87 (2.8) | 26 (33.3) | 61 (2.0) | < 0.0001 |