Frequency and risk factors for recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women: a case control study

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 2 Maternal characteristics in the subsequent pregnancy (N = 142)

Variables	Recurrent GDM N = 78	Primary GDM N = 64	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p value
Age (years)	32.6 ± 0.3	31.9 ± 0.4	1.09 (0.97–1.21)	0.144
Prepregnancy weight (kg)	59.0 ± 1.2	57.2 ± 1.0	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	0.259
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	22.9 ± 0.4	21.7 ± 0.3	1.12 (1.00–1.25)	0.043^*
Weight change between pregnancies (kg) ^a	0.7 ± 0.7	−0.3 ± 0.7	1.04 (0.96–1.14)	0.340
Interpregnancy intervals (months)	22.6 ± 1.1	19.9 ± 1.3	1.03 (0.99–1.06)	0.135
Biochemical parameters in first-trimester (weeks)	12.7 ± 0.2	12.6 ± 0.2
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.76 ± 0.07	4.61 ± 0.05	1.87 (0.93–3.74)	0.078
HbA1c (%)^b	5.2 ± 0.0	5.1 ± 0.0	5.06 (1.45–17.64)	0.011^*
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	34 ± 0	32 ± 0	1.16 (1.04–1.30)	0.011^*
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.11 ± 0.11	5.00 ± 0.10	1.14 (0.79–1.64)	0.486
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.92 ± 0.10	1.53 ± 0.07	2.04 (1.23–3.36)	0.005^*
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.57 ± 0.04	1.70 ± 0.05	0.38 (0.14–1.01)	0.052
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.28 ± 0.10	3.09 ± 0.10	1.35 (0.88–2.09)	0.172

Variables are presented with mean ± standard error (SE) unless number (percentage)
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
^a Weight change between pregnancies: 32.4% missing
^b HbA1c: 4.2% missing

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