Table 2 Estimation of the generalized estimating equation (GEE) model in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

 GDM

1.35

(1.03, 1.76)

0.03

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age (years)

0.99

(0.98, 1.01)

0.78

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.82

(1.73, 1.91)

< 0.001

 Baseline obesity

1.85

(1.40, 2.45)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

1.43

(1.37, 1.49)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

0.87

(0.80, 0.95)

0.001

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–

 GDM

1.44

(1.06, 1.96)

0.02

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age(years)

1.04

(1.03, 1.05)

< 0.001

 BMI(kg/m2)

1.36

(1.33, 1.39)

< 0.001

 Baseline central obesity

2.70

(2.27, 3.21)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

1.62

(1.53, 1.71)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

0.92

(0.82, 1.03)

0.13

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–

 GDM

0.19

(−0.02, 0.41)

0.08

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age(years)

-0.02

(−0.03, − 0.01)

0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

0.91

(0.89, 0.92)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

0.42

(0.39, 0.45)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

−0.10

(− 0.15, − 0.04)

0.001

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–

 GDM

5.96

(1.68, 10.23)

0.006

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age(years)

.39

(.25, .53)

< 0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.03

(.76, 1.31)

< 0.001

 Baseline LAP

.61

(.58, .64)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

3.32

(2.61, 4.03)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

−1.77

(−3.19, −.35)

0.015

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–

 GDM

19.70

(6.24, 33.15)

0.004

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age(years)

.75

(.31, 1.18)

0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

2.02

(1.22, 2.81)

< 0.001

 Baseline VAI

.55

(.52, .57)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

−10.94

(−13.18, −8.70)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

−6.62

(−11.07, −2.16)

0.004

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–

 GDM

.07

(.02, .12)

0.008

 Non-GDM

Reference

–

–

 Age(years)

.02

(.01, .02)

< 0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

−.004

(−.01, −.002)

0.002

 Baseline BSI

.34

(.31, .36)

< 0.001

 Time (years)

.10

(.09, .11)

< 0.001

 GDM*Time

−.02

(−.04, −.003)

0.023

 Non-GDM*Time

Reference

–

–