All-cause mortality of insulin plus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in persons with type 2 diabetes

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 2 Risk of mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin treatment

Characteristics	Mortality no. (n = 129)	Crude			Adjusted
Characteristics	Mortality no. (n = 129)	HR	(95% CI)	P-value	HR	(95% CI)	P-value
DPP-4 inhibitors
No	93	1.00	reference		1.00	reference
Yes	36	0.33	(0.22–0.48)	<.0001	0.32	(0.22–0.47)	<.0001
Sex
Female	34	1.00	reference		1.00	reference
Male	95	1.86	(1.25–2.75)	0.002	1.89	(1.28–2.8)	0.0015
Age, years
18–39 years	12	1.00	reference		1.00	reference
40–64 years	94	2.51	(1.38–4.58)	0.0027	2.80	(1.53–5.14)	0.0009
≥ 65 years	23	5.37	(2.67–10.81)	<.0001	6.26	(3.04–12.87)	<.0001
Comorbidity
Ischemic heart disease	17	1.63	(0.98–2.72)	0.0598	1.71	(0.98–2.98)	0.0601
Hypertension	38	0.88	(0.6–1.28)	0.4979	0.68	(0.45–1.04)	0.0774
Dyslipidemia	21	0.77	(0.48–1.22)	0.2666	0.76	(0.46–1.23)	0.2595
Other drugs
Biguanides	128	1.10	(0.15–7.86)	0.9253	0.91	(0.11–7.2)	0.9263
Sulfonylureas	127	2.18	(0.54–8.8)	0.2752	2.38	(0.55–10.37)	0.2473
Thiazolidinediones	41	0.52	(0.36–0.75)	0.0005	0.55	(0.38–0.81)	0.0022
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors	41	0.58	(0.4–0.84)	0.0039	0.67	(0.46–0.98)	0.0415

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
Adjusted HR: adjusted for use of DPP-4 inhibitors, age, gender, comorbidity and other drugs used in Cox proportional hazards regression

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