Table 2 Clinical characteristics by level of glycaemic control
Variable | Glycaemic control | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Good (HbA1c < 7.0%) n = 263 | Partial (HbA1c 7.0% - 7.9) n = 237 | Poor (HbA1c ≥ 8%) n = 592 | ||
Diabetes Duration % (n) | ||||
≤ 10 years | 34.7 (143) | 25.5 (105) | 39.8 (164) | < 0.001 |
> 10 years | 17.5 (119) | 19.4 (132) | 63.0 (428) | |
Family history of diabetes % (n) | ||||
Yes | 22.9 (187) | 22.2 (181) | 54.9 (447) | 0.325 |
No | 27.2 (75) | 20.3 (56) | 52.5 (145) | |
Modality of treatment | ||||
Oral tablets | 36.4 (219) | 25.8 (155) | 37.9 (228) | < 0.001 |
Injectable | 9.9 (22) | 18.5 (41) | 71.6 (159) | |
Oral and injectable | 7.9 (21) | 15.4 (41) | 76.8 (205) | |
Main follow up centre % (n) | ||||
Hospital | 34.2 (42) | 22.0 (27) | 43.9 (54) | 0.019 |
Primary care centre | 24 (125) | 23.0 (120) | 53.0 (276) | |
Diabetes centre | 21.3 (95) | 20.1 (90) | 58.6 (262) | |
Glucometer use % (n) | ||||
Once or more a week | 21.4 (145) | 21.7 (147) | 57.0 (387) | 0.017 |
Less than once a week | 28.6 (118) | 21.8 (90) | 49.6 (205) | |
Hypoglycaemia events % (n) | ||||
None | 26.9 (170) | 21.1 (133) | 52.0 (328) | 0.016 |
1–5 times | 18.2 (71) | 22.8 (89) | 59.1 (231) | |
6 times and more | 30.4 (21) | 21.7 (15) | 47.8 (33) | |
Medication adherence % (n) | ||||
Adequate | 26.0 (165) | 22.4 (142) | 51.7 (328) | 0.110 |
Inadequate | 21.4 (98) | 20.8 (95) | 57.8 (264) | |
Family support with diet % (n) | ||||
Good | 23.5 (103) | 22.2 (97) | 54.3 (238) | 0.621 |
Inadequate | 23.0 (73) | 23.9 (76) | 53.1 (169) | |
Poor | 25.9 (87) | 19.1 (64) | 55.1 (185) | |
Family support with physical activity % (n) | ||||
Good | 21.4 (66) | 21.0 (65) | 57.6 (178) | 0.460 |
Inadequate | 23.2 (74) | 23.2 (74) | 53.6 (171) | |
Poor | 26.5 (123) | 21.1 (98) | 52.4 (243) | |
knowledge about HbA1c % (n) | ||||
Aware | 29.5 (103) | 20.3 (71) | 50.1 (175) | 0.016 |
Not aware | 21.5 (160) | 22.3 (166) | 56.1 (417) | |
Body mass index % (n) | ||||
Underweight/normal | 22.7 (25) | 20.9 (23) | 56.4 (62) | 0.075 |
Pre-obesity | 26.4 (78) | 26.4 (78) | 47.1 (139) | |
Obesity (class I – III) | 23.3 (158) | 20.0 (136) | 56.7 (385) | |
Waist-hip ratio % (n) | ||||
Normal | 26.4 (144) | 24.8 (135) | 48.8 (266) | 0.001 |
High (male: > 0.96, female: > 0.98) | 22.1 (96) | 17.5 (76) | 60.5 (263) | |
Depression % (n) | ||||
No | 24.1 (220) | 22.3 (203) | 53.6 (489) | 0.563 |
Yes | 23.9 (43) | 18.9 (34) | 57.2 (103) | |
Anxiety % (n) | ||||
No | 24.2 (224) | 22.4 (207) | 53.4 (493) | 0.328 |
Yes | 23.2 (39) | 17.9 (30) | 58.9 (99) | |
Cognitive function % (n) | ||||
Intact | 24.3 (169) | 21.4 (149) | 54.2 (377) | 0.709 |
Impaired | 22.1 (59) | 23.2 (62) | 54.7 (146) | |
Dyslipidaemia % (n) | ||||
No | 29.6 (45) | 23.0 (35) | 47.4 (72) | 0.142 |
Yes | 23.2 (218) | 21.5 (202) | 55.3 (520) | |
Hypertension % (n) | ||||
No | 22.8 (74) | 20.3 (66) | 56.9 (185) | 0.503 |
Yes | 24.6 (189) | 22.3 (171) | 53.1 (407) | |
Macrovascular complications | ||||
No | 25.3 (199) | 23.1 (182) | 51.6 (406) | 0.019 |
Yes | 21.0 (64) | 18.0 (55) | 61.0 (186) | |
Microvascular complication | ||||
No | 29.4 (146) | 23.7 (118) | 46.9 (233) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 19.7 (117) | 20.0 (119) | 60.3 (359) | |