Table 1 Demographic and lifestyle characteristics by level of glycaemic control
Variable | Glycaemic control | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Good (HbA1c < 7.0%) n = 263 | Partial (HbA1c 7.0% - 7.9) n = 237 | Poor (HbA1c ≥ 8%) n = 592 | ||
Age % (n) | ||||
> 60 years | 28.4 (109) | 22.4 (86) | 49.2 (189) | 0.106 |
46–60 years | 21.4 (123) | 21.6 (124) | 57.0 (327) | |
< 46 years | 23.1 (31) | 20.2 (27) | 56.7 (76) | |
Gender: female % (n) | ||||
Female | 22.9 (162) | 20.9 (148) | 56.3 (399) | 0.173 |
Male | 26.4 (101) | 23.2 (89) | 50.4 (193) | |
Nationality % (n) | ||||
Saudi | 23.6 (246) | 21.7 (226) | 54.7 (570) | 0.207 |
Non-Saudi | 34.0 (17) | 22.0 (11) | 44.0 (22) | |
Education level % (n) | ||||
University/college | 30.9 (60) | 28.9 (56) | 40.2 (78) | < 0.001 |
Lower education level | 22.6 (203) | 20.2 (181) | 57.2 (514) | |
Location of residency % (n) | ||||
Urban | 24.3 (229) | 22.9 (216) | 52.8 (497) | 0.002 |
Rural | 30.4 (28) | 15.2 (14) | 54.4 (50) | |
Remote | 10.3 (6) | 12.1 (7) | 77.6 (45) | |
Working status % (n) | ||||
Working | 23.9 (55) | 20.4 (47) | 55.7 (128) | 0.005 |
Not working / house-wife | 21.6 (141) | 21.0 (137) | 57.4 (374) | |
Retired | 31.9 (67) | 25.2 (53) | 42.9 (90) | |
Household income % (n) | ||||
≥ 6001 SAR | 25.2 (148) | 23.7 (139) | 51.1 (300) | 0.074 |
< 6001 SAR | 22.8 (115) | 19.4 (98) | 57.8 (292) | |
Region % (n) | ||||
Riyadh | 26.4 (161) | 22.5 (137) | 51.1 (311) | 0.125 |
Jeddah | 22.7 (56) | 21.5 (53) | 55.9 (138) | |
Hofuf | 19.5 (46) | 19.9 (47) | 60.6 (143) | |
Active smoking % (n) | ||||
Never | 24.6 (230) | 21.9 (205) | 53.5 (501) | 0.563 |
In the past (> 1 year) | 20.7 (19) | 17.4 (16) | 62.0 (57) | |
Current smoker | 22.2 (14) | 25.4 (16) | 52.4 (33) | |
Eating habit score (mean ± SD) | 30.2 ± 4.4 | 29.6 ± 5.1 | 29.8 ± 5.1 | 0.451 |
Fruits and vegetables % (n) | ||||
Daily | 31.3 (76) | 20.2 (49) | 48.6 (118) | 0.011 |
Less frequent | 21.9 (186) | 22.2 (188) | 55.9 (474) | |
Physical Activity % (n) | ||||
≥ 150 min/week | 29.0 (94) | 21.9 (71) | 49.1 (159) | 0.032 |
< 150 min/week | 22.0 (169) | 21.6 (166) | 56.4 (433) | |
Sitting hours (mean ± SD) | 6.1 ± 3.6 | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 6.2 ± 3.8 | 0.380 |