Table 1 Clinical features of study groups

Sex (male/female)

21/10

11/6

9/5

Age (years)

8.14 ± 1.69

8.72 ± 2.36

8.59 ± 1.78

BMI (kg/m²)

15.13 ± 1.19

22.19 ± 2.77*

22.85 ± 2.19*

SDS-BMI

−0.52 (−1.41, 0.38)

2.59 (2.02, 3.08)*

2.66 (1.99,3.39)*

Waist circumference (cm)

55.48 ± 3.84

71.52 ± 11.59*

71.65 ± 9.3*

Waist-hip Ratio

0.88 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.05*

0.92 ± 0.05*

SBP (mmHg)

95 ± 7

100 ± 7*

103 ± 9*

DBP (mmHg)

59 ± 6

62 ± 5

61 ± 10

FBG (mmol/L)

4.67 ± 0.40

4.72 ± 0.42

4.76 ± 0.63

Fasting insulin (μU/mL)

5.04 ± 3.34

12.96 ± 4.36*

13.03 ± 5.07*

HOMA-IR

0.96 ± 0.41

2.59 ± 1.21*

2.67 ± 1.10*

TC (mmol/L)

3.43 ± 0.66

3.80 ± 0.36

3.71 ± 0.79

TG (mmol/L)

0.86 ± 0.40

0.87 ± 0.32*

2.79 ± 0.95*^,**

FFA (μmol/L)

367.22 ± 50.79

416.62 ± 44.72*

445.36 ± 60.38*

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.37 ± 0.19

1.15 ± 0.11*

1.04 ± 0.14*

LDL-C (mmol/L)

1.67 ± 0.48

2.11 ± 0.47

2.33 ± 0.13*^,**

Leptin (ng/mL)

10.56 ± 8.99

30.80 ± 15.11*

26.02 ± 10.89*

Adiponectin (μg/mL)

3.35 ± 1.20

2.73 ± 1.33*

2.57 ± 1.09*^,**

leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (ng/μg)

3.45 ± 2.11

11.56 ± 5.90*

14.71 ± 9.18*^,**