Table 1 Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of participants (mean ± SD)

Number

198

108

64

172

100

–

Gender (male) [n (%)]

74 (37.4)

59 (54.6)

25 (39.1)

84 (48.8)

59 (59.0)

0.001

Age (years)

54.4 (10.1)

57.2 (10.1)

60.3 (10.5)

58.3 (10.3)

60.9 (12.5)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

81.1 (15.6)

88.6 (13.6)

87.2 (14.7)

88.1 (14.0)

85.2 (20.4)

0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

29.4 (5.3)

31.5 (4.3)

32.2 (5.4)

31.7 (4.8)

29.6 (6.5)

< 0.001

Smoking (%)

56.6

58.3

53.1

56.4

37.1

0.007

Co-morbidities [n (%)]

69 (35.2)

48 (44.4)

36 (56.3)

84 (48.8)

74 (87.1)

< 0.001

Complications [n (%)]

5 (8.2)

7 (9.1)

8 (16.3)

15 (11.9)

26 (30.6)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

119.3 (18.5)

129.5 (16.2)

128.0 (16.1)

128.9 (16.1)

134.9 (18.9)

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.9 (12.0)

78.9 (11.5)

77.4 (11.5)

78.3 (11.5)

74.9 (10.4)

NS

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.47 (0.97)

5.70 (0.97)

5.82 (1.01)

5.75 (0.99)

4.24 (1.08)

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.18 (0.57)

1.49 (0.88)

1.57 (0.71)

1.52 (0.36)

1.43 (0.74)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.20 (0.21)

1.22 (0.23)

1.25 (0.19)

1.23 (0.22)

1.22 (0.28)

NS

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.72 (0.88)

3.82 (0.84)

3.86 (0.94)

3.84 (0.88)

2.35 (0.91)

< 0.001

DM duration (years)

–

–

–

–

17.0 (10.0)

–

HbA1c (%)

–

–

–

–

7.2 (1.2)

–