Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of the study participants
From: Pulse wave velocity and cardiac autonomic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus
n = 290 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
normal PWV (n = 193) | abnormal PWV (n = 97) | P value | |
PWV (m/s) | 9.1 ± 1.7 | 12.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001* |
PWV (m/s) | 9.0 [8.0, 10.4] | 12.8 [10.4, 14.1] | <0.001** |
Age (years) | 60.5 ± 9.5 | 63.8 ± 7.8 | 0.004* |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.0 [5.0, 18.0] | 9.0 [3.0, 16.0] | 0.130** |
Male gender n (%) | 114 (59.1) | 49 (50.5) | 0.166*** |
Height (m) | 1.65 ± 0.10 | 1.66 ± 0.10 | 0.223* |
Weight (kg) | 84.5 ± 16.3 | 85.6 ± 16.3 | 0.577* |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 4.8 | 30.9 ± 4.8 | 0.755* |
Waist circumference (cm) | 104.3 ± 11.6 | 105.6 ± 12.1 | 0.395* |
Current smoking n (%) | 40 (20.7) | 20 (20.6) | 0.983*** |
Pack-years | 37.5 [21.3, 65.3] | 40 [32.0, 50.0] | 0.070** |
SBP (mmHg) | 139.5 ± 18.4 | 148.9 ± 19.8 | <0.001* |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.7 ± 9.4 | 81.4 ± 10.2 | <0.001* |
Peripheral MBP (mmHg) | 97.5 ± 10.6 | 104.8 ± 11.9 | <0.001* |
Central MBP (mmHg) | 94.0 ± 10.6 | 100.9 ± 11.7 | <0.001* |
HR (bpm) | 66.4 ± 9.3 | 70.6 ± 9.6 | <0.001* |
Hypertension n (%) | 145 (75.1) | 76 (78.4) | 0.543*** |
Antihypertensive drugs n (%) | |||
Use of ACEi or ARBs n (%) | 121 (62.7) | 62 (63.9) | 0.839*** |
Use of CCBs n (%) | 58 (30.1) | 21 (21.6) | 0.129*** |
Use of β-blockers n (%) | 59 (30.6) | 30 (30.9) | 0.950*** |
Use of diuretics n (%) | 70 (36.3) | 24 (24.7) | 0.048*** |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.40 ± 0.84 | 4.37 ± 1.18 | 0.491* |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.29 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 0.571* |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.55 ± 0.91 | 2.53 ± 0.85 | 0.571* |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.33 [1.02, 1.78] | 1.42 [1.12, 2.11] | 0.069** |
Dyslipidemia n (%) | 155 (80.3) | 84 (86.6) | 0.185*** |
Treatment with statins n (%) | 154 (79.8) | 80 (82.5) | 0.585*** |
Cardiovascular disease n (%) | 45 (23.3) | 24 (24.7) | 0.788*** |
Coronary heart disease | 45 (23.3) | 15 (15.5) | 0.119*** |
Peripheral arterial disease | 22 (11.4) | 11 (11.3) | 0.988*** |
Stroke | 11 (5.7) | 3 (3.1) | 0.329*** |
Treatment with antiplatelets n (%) | 100 (51.8) | 56 (60.2) | 0.340*** |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 0.335* |
HbA1c (%) | 7.1 [6.5,7.9] | 7.1 [6.5, 8.0] | 0.725** |
Antidiabetic treatment n (%) | |||
Oral medications | 122 (63.2) | 56 (57.7) | 0.366*** |
Insulin | 13 (6.7) | 14 (14.4) | 0.033*** |
Both | 58 (30.1) | 27 (27.8) | 0.696*** |
Nephropathy n (%) | 66 (34.2) | 40 (41.2) | 0.240*** |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 75.3 ± 21.2 | 70.9 ± 27.6 | 0.308* |
Microalbuminuria n (%) | 38 (19.7) | 19 (19.6) | 0.984*** |
Peripheral neuropathy n (%) | 31 (16.1) | 26 (26.8) | 0.030*** |
Retinopathy n (%) | 29 (15.0) | 22 (22.6) | 0.106*** |