| |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
|---|
| |
B (SEM)
|
P
|
B (SEM)
|
P
|
B (SEM)
|
P
|
B (SEM)
|
P
|
|---|
|
All (n = 8850)
|
|
ALT
|
0.03 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.03 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.03 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.02 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
|
AST
|
0.01 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.003)
|
0.003
|
|
GGT
|
0.001 (0.002)
|
<0.0001
|
0.001 (0.002)
|
<0.0001
|
0.001 (0.002)
|
0.001
|
0.001 (0.002)
|
0. 017
|
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)
|
0.02 (0.02)
|
0.252
|
0.01 (0.02)
|
0.671
|
-0.03 (0.02)
|
0.139
|
-0.03 (0.02)
|
0.059
|
|
2-h glucose (mmol/l)
|
0.04 (0.009)
|
<0.0001
|
0.03 (0.009)
|
<0.008
|
0.02 (0.009)
|
0.011
|
0.01 (0.009)
|
0.536
|
|
A1C (%)
|
0.15 (0.034)
|
<0.0001
|
0.11 (0.036)
|
0.001
|
0.11 (0.036)
|
0.002
|
0.05 (0.035)
|
0.122
|
|
aFasting insulin (μU/ml)
|
0.06 (0.004)
|
<0.0001
|
0.06 (0.004)
|
<0.0001
|
0.04 (0.005)
|
<0.0001
|
0.03 (0.005)
|
<0.0001
|
|
bHOMA-IR
|
0.16 (0.013)
|
<0.0001
|
0.17 (0.015)
|
<0.0001
|
0.11 (0.015)
|
<0.0001
|
0.08 (0.014)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)
|
0.03 (0.033)
|
0.445
|
0.01 (0.036)
|
0.850
|
0.06 (0.035)
|
0.092
|
0.08 (0.033)
|
0.017
|
|
LDL-c (mmol/l)
|
0.05 (0.044)
|
0.217
|
0.09 (0.048)
|
0.066
|
0.04 (0.046)
|
0.608
|
0.01 (0.044)
|
0.937
|
|
HDL-C (mmol/l)
|
-1.54 (0.11)
|
<0.0001
|
-1.45 (0.11)
|
<0.0001
|
-0.99 (0.11)
|
<0.0001
|
-0.78 (0.11)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
|
0.25 (0.025)
|
<0.0001
|
0.24 (0.027)
|
<0.0001
|
0.17 (0.026)
|
<0.0001
|
0.13 (0.026)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
0.01 (0.002)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.002)
|
<0.0001
|
0.02 (0.002)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.002)
|
0.0001
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
0.02 (0.003)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.004)
|
0.083
|
0.01 (0.004)
|
0.028
|
0.01 (0.004)
|
0.005
|
|
Obesity status
|
|
BMI < 24 kg/m2 (n = 4033)
|
|
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)
|
0.03 (0.005)
|
<0.0001
|
0.03 (0.006)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.006)
|
0.401
|
-
|
-
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
0.07 (0.016)
|
<0.0001
|
0.08 (0.02)
|
<0.0001
|
0.01 (0.019)
|
0.479
|
-
|
-
|
|
BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 (n = 4817)
|
|
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)
|
0.08 (0.007)
|
<0.0001
|
0.07 (0.007)
|
<0.0001
|
0.05 (0.007)
|
<0.0001
|
-
|
-
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
0.22 (0.019)
|
<0.0001
|
0.19 (0.019)
|
<0.0001
|
0.14 (0.019)
|
<0.0001
|
-
|
-
|
- Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides were log-transformed before analysis. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex (not for sex-stratified analysis). Model 2: further adjusted for physical activity (low, moderate, or high), smoking (yes/no), family history of diabetes (yes/no), self-reported CHD (yes/no), stroke (yes/no), and hypertension (yes/no) was included in the model. Model 3: further adjusted for waist circumference and inflammatory factors (CRP and IL-6, continuous variables). Model 4: further adjusted for BMI (not for obesity status-stratified analysis). a17 participants were excluded with a missing value of fasting insulin, P for interaction between calf circumference and obesity status <0.001. b21 participants were excluded with a missing value of HOMA-IR; P for interaction between calf circumference and obesity status < 0.001
