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Table 2 Neonatal outcomes according to gestational diabetes mellitus treatment groups

From: Neonatal and obstetric outcomes in diet- and insulin-treated women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study

  

Treatment groups

   

Outcome variable

Overall

Diet

Insulin

P-value*

General obstetric population

P-value**

N (%)

820

460 (56.1)

360 (43.9)

 

9854 a

 

Perinatal complications, n (%) b

75 (9.1)

36 (7.8)

39 (10.8)

NS

  

 Still birth/neonatal death, n (%) c

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.6)

NS

89 (0.9)

0.048

 Birth trauma, n (%)

30 (3.7)

19 (4.1)

11 (3.1)

NS

  

 Hypoglycaemia, n (%) d

28 (3.4)

12 (2.6)

16 (4.5)

NS

  

 Hyperbilirubinaemia, n (%)

15 (1.8)

5 (1.1)

10 (2.8)

NS

  

Birth weight (g) e

3422 ± 522

3467 ± 522

3364 ± 517

0.005

  

Infants >4000–4499 g, n (%)

96 (11.7)

63 (14.0)

32 (8.8)

0.009

1207 (12.2)

0.350

Infants >4200 g, n (%)

40 (4.9)

25 (5.4)

15 (4.2)

NS

  

Infants ≥4500 g, n (%)

10 (1.2)

8 (1.7)

2 (0.6)

NS

218 (2.2)

0.059

Birth weight percentiles, n (%) f

   

NS

  

  < 10th percentile

27 (3.3)

19 (4.1)

8 (2.2)

   

 10–20th percentile

44 (5.4)

20 (4.3)

24 (6.7)

 20–50th percentile

202 (24.6)

109 (23.7)

93 (25.8)

 50–90th percentile

384 (48.6)

214 (46.5)

170 (47.2)

 90–95th percentile

67 (8.2)

46 (10.0)

21 (5.8)

  > 95th percentile

96 (11.7

52 (11.3)

44 (12.2)

Large for gestational age, n (%) g

163 (19.9)

98 (21.3)

65 (18.1)

NS

1082 (11.0)

<0.001

Small for gestational age, n (%) h

27 (3.3)

19 (4.1)

8 (2.2)

NS

788 (8.0)

<0.001

Gestational age at birth (wks)

38.3 [38.0–39.0]

38.6 [38.0–39.6]

38.1 [38.0–38.4]

<0.001

  

Apgar <7 at 5 min, n (%)

27 (3.3)

17 (3.7)

10 (2.8)

NS

92 (2.0)

0.009

Respiratory support, n (%)

26 (3.2)

16 (3.5)

10 (2.8)

NS

  

Preterm delivery, n (%)

   

NS

  

  < 28 weeks

3 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.6)

   

 28–32 weeks

5 (0.6)

2 (0.4)

3 (0.8)

 32–37 weeks

44 (5.4)

25 (5.4)

19 (5.3)

Admission neonatology, n (%)

121 (14.8)

61 (13.3)

60 (16.7)

NS

  
  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or proportion n (%)
  2. Abbreviations: g grams, wks weeks, NS not significant
  3. * P-values were based on Student’s unpaired t-test (non-skewed continuous variables), Mann-Whitney U-Test (skewed continuous variables) or chi-square test (categorical variables)
  4. ** P-values for the GDM population (overall) and general obstetric population were based on chi-square test
  5. a In total n = 9685 mothers with a mean age of 30.9 ± 4.9. Not all of the neonatal and obstetric outcomes in the general population were well reported and this has resulted in lack of information for some neonatal outcomes
  6. b Perinatal complications included the following: still birth/neonatal death, birth trauma (shoulder dystocia, fracture of humerus or clavicula), hypoglycaemia, and hyperbilirubinaemia
  7. c One still birth was associated with gestational diabetes and the other still birth was associated with a congenital heart defect
  8. d Hypoglycaemia was defined as neonates without prematurity (born <37 weeks of gestation). There were n = 7 neonates with hypoglycaemia and prematurity excluded
  9. e Mean birth weight was calculated after exclusion of neonates with extreme prematurity (born <28 weeks of gestation). There were n = 3 neonates with extreme prematurity (178 days, 185 days, and 195 days)
  10. f Birth weight in percentiles were adjusted for gestational age, gender, parity, and ethnicity
  11. g Large for Gestational Age was defined as a birth weight above the 90th percentile, adjusted for gestational age, gender, parity, and ethnicity
  12. h Small for Gestational Age was defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile, adjusted for gestational age, gender, parity, and ethnicity
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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