Table 2 Comparison of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP before and after the administration of acarbose

 0 min

4.77 ± 0.13

6.95 ± 0.56**

6.67 ± 0.51

4.73 ± 0.11

6.53 ± 0.36△△

6.49 ± 0.30

 15 min

7.29 ± 0.25

8.88 ± 0.59*

9.16 ± 0.57

6.46 ± 0.21^#

7.69 ± 0.44△

6.72 ± 0.31^▲

 30 min

8.47 ± 0.42

11.29 ± 0.60**

11.23 ± 0.66

7.59 ± 0.22

9.92 ± 0.47△△

7.39 ± 0.47^▲▲

 60 min

7.74 ± 0.50

13.66 ± 0.83**

12.89 ± 0.78

6.62 ± 0.38

13.22 ± 0.66△△

8.70 ± 0.48^▲▲

 90 min

6.17 ± 0.32

13.80 ± 0.95**

13.43 ± 1.03

5.17 ± 0.30

13.11 ± 0.87△△

9.45 ± 0.61^▲▲

 120 min

5.58 ± 0.18

12.95 ± 1.06**

12.39 ± 1.16

5.36 ± 0.26

11.65 ± 1.03△△

9.11 ± 0.72^▲▲

 0 min

44.96 ± 4.86

62.66 ± 9.27

63.15 ± 9.63

47.32 ± 7.43

61.73 ± 10.03

40.08 ± 18.76

 15 min

437.26 ± 70.09

196.51 ± 70.16**

194.43 ± 41.90

419.56 ± 114.74

118.39 ± 14.66△△

102.41 ± 24.43

 30 min

586.97 ± 65.15

330.84 ± 76.93*

254.87 ± 41.78

566.20 ± 114.52

213.46 ± 50.03△△

128.99 ± 28.18^▲▲

 60 min

646.02 ± 136.59

448.28 ± 72.11

395.81 ± 45.47

497.23 ± 123.59

321.36 ± 71.54

178.20 ± 43.16^▲▲

 90 min

492.54 ± 91.56

563.69 ± 95.32

501.14 ± 65.87

377.62 ± 104.38

387.32 ± 79.81

229.93 ± 67.12^▲▲

 120 min

288.95 ± 47.35

453.19 ± 63.14

480.14 ± 72.53

248.76 ± 83.14

353.76 ± 65.63△

196.95 ± 48.54^▲▲

 0 min

70.24 ± 5.94

74.92 ± 8.21

70.05 ± 6.58

74.24 ± 4.83

80.54 ± 5.77

61.62 ± 6.18^▲▲

 15 min

75.72 ± 8.68

78.52 ± 8.37

81.32 ± 11.82

92.13 ± 7.47

99.40 ± 8.40

77.88 ± 9.07^▲

 30 min

69.41 ± 6.97

83.81 ± 6.48

70.83 ± 5.63

70.82 ± 4.35

94.35 ± 8.82△

88.34 ± 8.28

 60 min

69.46 ± 7.10

63.09 ± 5.39

61.28 ± 7.00

62.31 ± 3.87

79.23 ± 7.47

77.06 ± 6.41

 90 min

59.01 ± 5.61

64.00 ± 8.29

51.41 ± 6.32

63.80 ± 3.72

82.20 ± 8.10△

73.31 ± 9.72

 120 min

59.81 ± 4.24

58.38 ± 6.90

55.25 ± 6.33

74.24 ± 4.83

63.20 ± 4.34

60.14 ± 7.74

 0 min

37.02 ± 3.95

36.46 ± 4.84

44.53 ± 6.73

35.90 ± 3.08

30.54 ± 4.71

41.87 ± 6.80

 15 min

39.79 ± 5.79

33.51 ± 5.76

42.29 ± 5.62

35.85 ± 4.49

43.90 ± 6.58

36.43 ± 7.72

 30 min

29.89 ± 3.04

32.93 ± 6.06

35.29 ± 4.22

33.66 ± 3.91

37.48 ± 5.21

35.44 ± 5.83

 60 min

33.18 ± 3.72

35.19 ± 4.78

35.82 ± 6.88

30.20 ± 4.09

35.44 ± 4.80

43.42 ± 6.58

 90 min

29.34 ± 3.17

37.05 ± 5.60

39.81 ± 7.89

28.45 ± 3.07

39.12 ± 5.01

35.33 ± 4.98

 120 min

31.20 ± 5.17

30.73 ± 4.22

29.42 ± 5.20

31.51 ± 3.37

41.48 ± 5.74

32.58 ± 5.43

 0 min

31.85 ± 3.61

31.94 ± 12.18

43.53 ± 13.96

37.33 ± 5.93

34.36 ± 3.67

33.86 ± 8.82

 15 min

46.19 ± 4.97

82.50 ± 26.80

55.12 ± 13.82

78.87 ± 15.89^#

58.42 ± 19.96

31.27 ± 6.20

 30 min

41.39 ± 5.89

52.65 ± 22.53

56.66 ± 17.46

68.23 ± 16.42

76.52 ± 16.98

41.99 ± 8.97^▲

 60 min

41.30 ± 4.87

76.49 ± 13.61*

72.78 ± 19.30

42.36 ± 8.21

78.95 ± 25.37

59.34 ± 13.92

 90 min

50.07 ± 10.14

59.62 ± 18.67

94.76 ± 25.21

61.43 ± 14.92

88.63 ± 25.35

63.57 ± 18.41

 120 min

52.23 ± 9.94

65.50 ± 21.84

57.68 ± 9.81

50.39 ± 8.80

72.86 ± 20.73

33.46 ± 4.32