Plantar pressures are higher in cases with diabetic foot ulcers compared to controls despite a longer stance phase duration

Table 2 Foot characteristics of the study cohort by group

Explanatory measure	DFU group (n = 21)		DMC group (n = 69)	HC group (n = 56)	P value	P value for ulcerated vs. non-ulcerated feet of cases [paired]
Explanatory measure	Ulcerated feet	Non-ulcerated feet^b	DMC group (n = 69)	HC group (n = 56)	P value
Pes planus feet type	14 (66.7 %)	12 (60.0 %)	29 (42.0 %)	19 (33.9 %)
Normal arched feet type	4 (19.0 %)	4 (20.0 %)	23 (33.3 %)	20 (35.7 %)	0.146	0.317
Pes cavus feet type	3 (14.3 %)	4 (20.0 %)	17 (24.6 %)	17 (30.4 %)
First MTPJ rom (degrees)	30.0 [25.0–45.0]	33.5 [27.5–45.0]^a,b	44.0 [30.0–50.0]	45.0 [35.0–60.0]	0.077	0.404
Ankle Joint rom (restricted dorsiflexion)	17 (81.0 %)	16 (80.0 %)	51 (73.9 %)	33 (58.9 %)	0.281	0.368
Subtalar Joint rom (restricted inversion/eversion)	2 (9.5 %)	1 (5.0 %)	3 (4.4 %)	2 (3.6 %)	0.885	0.846
Hallux Abducto Valgus deformity^*
(No deformity)	14 (66.7 %)	14 (70.0 %)	51 (73.9 %)	30 (53.6 %)	0.132	0.392
(Grade 1)	5 (23.8 %)	4 (20.0 %)	13 (18.8 %)	15 (26.8 %)
(Grade 2)	1 (4.8 %)	1 (5.0 %)	3 (4.3 %)	10 (17.9 %)
(Grade 3)	1 (4.8 %)	1 (5.0 %)	2 (2.9 %)	1 (1.8 %)
Claw toe deformity	6 (28.6 %)	8 (40.0 %)	11 (15.9 %)	15 (26.8 %)	0.252	0.500
Hammer toe deformity	12 (57.1 %)^a,b	10 (50.0 %)^a,b	16 (23.2 %)	9 (16.1 %)	0.001	0.625
Mallet toe deformity	3 (14.3 %)	5 (25.0 %)	14 (20.3 %)	8 (14.3 %)	0.630	0.500

McNemar’s test was performed to assess paired significances between the ulcerated and non-ulcerated feet of the DFU group for categorical outcome and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to assess continuous variables. ^a=p <0.05 when compared to the DMC group in post-hoc analysis ^b=p < 0.05 compared to the HC group in post hoc analysis. ^*Hallux Abducto Valgus (HAV) deformity grades were based on the Manchester scale [22] as reported in the study protocol [20]. ^**These outcomes were calculated with a denominator of 20 due to missing data for the non-ulcerated foot of one participant in the case group. rom, range of motion

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