Table 1 Clinical and demographical characteristics of the study cohort by group

Age (years)

66.0 [52.0–72.0]

63.0 [58.0–72.0]^b

56.0 [55.0–73.0]

P = 0.005

Males [number and %]

15 (71.4 %)^b

46 (66.7 %)^b

24 (42.9 %)

P = 0.011

 Caucasian

20 (95.2 %)

65 (94.2 %)

54 (96.4 %)

P = 0.660

 Australian Aboriginal/Indigenous/Torres-strait Islander

1 (4.8 %)

2 (2.9 %)

2 (3.6 %)

 Other

-

2 (2.9 %)

-

Diabetes duration [years]

17.00 [14.5–20.5]

7.5 [4.0–16.5]

-

P = 0.008

Height (cm)

175.1 [164.8–179.0]

170.0 [163.0–177.5]

170.0 [164.0–174.3]

P = 0.199

Weight (kg)

99.6 [82.3–125.1]^b

92.3 [80.1–100.7]^b

72.9 [64.1–81.6]

P < 0.001

BMI (Body Mass Index)

32.3 [27.0–37.9]^b

31.0 [29.0–33.4]^b

25.8 [23.0–29.3]

P < 0.001

Waist to Hip Ratio

1.0 [0.9–1.1]

0.9 [0.9–1.0]

0.9 [0.9–0.9]

P = 0.099

Hba1c (mmol/l)

55.5 [46.7–66.5]

51.0 [44.0–61.0]

-

P = 0.514

Uses Insulin [number and %]

13 (61.9 %)^a

19 (27.5 %)

-

P < 0.001

Smoking Status [number and %]

 Never Smoked

14 (66.7 %)

34 (49.3 %)

26 (46.4 %)

P = 0.201

 Ex-Smoker

6 (28.6 %)

29 (42.0 %)

29 (51.8 %)

 Current Smoker

1 (4.8 %)

6 (8.7 %)

1 (1.8 %)

Overall lowest ABPI

1.1 [0.9–1.2]

1.1 [1.0–1.2]

1.0 [1.0–1.1]

P = 0.838

Overall Monofilament Score (out of 20)

5.00 [2.5–14.0]^a

20.00 [17.5–20.0]

20.00 [20.0–20.0]

P < 0.001

MNSI Symptom Score (DPN)

7.00 [6.0–8.0]^a

5.00 [3.0–6.0]

-

P < 0.001

MNSI Physical Assessment Score (DPN)

6.00 [6.0–8.0]^a

2.00 [1.0–3.0]

-

P < 0.001

eGFR

71.0 [56.2–83.5]^a

85.0 [71.0–91.0]

-

P = 0.044