Table 5 Clinical characteristics at baseline of the subjects with NGT or IGT/T2DM at follow-up, independent of baseline glycemic tolerance status

N

112

23

Follow-up time (years)

5.4 ± 2.4

6.3 ± 2.4

n.s.

Age (years)

40.0 ± 6.7

42.6 ± 5.6

0.082

Sex (% male)

51 (46 %)

8 (35 %)

n.s.

Weight (kg)

77.6 ± 13.3

75.0 ± 12.5

n.s.

BMI (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 3.4

25.5 ± 3.6

n.s.

Waist (cm)

88.6 ± 10.4

89.7 ± 10.9

n.s.

Waist/hip circumference ratio

0.86 ± 0.09

0.88 ± 0.09

n.s.

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

118 ± 11

120 ± 12

n.s.

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75 ± 9

75 ± 8

n.s.

Fat percent (%)

25.2 ± 8.1

28.0 ± 6.2

n.s.

High heredity for T2D

61 (55 %)

15 (63 %)

0.012

High physical activity

36 (34 %)

9 (41 %)

n.s.

Currently smoking

11 (10 %)

2 (9.0 %)

n.s.

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 0.4

5.0 ± 0.7

0.029

Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)

48.4 ± 31.2

56.0 ± 36.3

n.s.

OGTT 2 h plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.8 ± 1.4

7.4 ± 1.5

<0.0001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

32.2 ± 2.2

33.5 ± 3.2

0.029

M-value (GIR/lbm/min 30 min)

13.3 ± 3.8

10.9 ± 3.7

0.010

M/I (GIR/lbm/min/pmol/L)

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

n.s.

IVGTT AIR (pmol/L x min)

3307 ± 1998

2803 ± 2153

n.s.

IVGTT LIR (pmol/L x min)

7552 ± 4085

9011 ± 5482

n.s.

HOMA-IR (mmol x mU/L²)

10.3 ± 7.2

12.8 ± 9.3

n.s.

Serum cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.8 ± 0.9

5.3 ± 0.8

0.030

Serum HDL (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.4

n.s.

Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.4

n.s.

Serum LDL (mmol/L)

2.8 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8

0.079

Serum ALT (μkat/L)

0.43 ± 0.25

0.46 ± 0.35

n.s.

Serum CRP (mg/L)

1.21 ± 2.21

1.08 ± 1.18

n.s.

Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

87 ± 15

93 ± 22

n.s.

Adipocyte cell size (μm)

93.3 ± 12.5

98.0 ± 13.2

n.s.

Serum adiponectin μg/mL)

9.1 ± 4.6

8,4 ± 3,9

n.s.

Il-6 (ng/mL)

43.5 ± 21.7

55.8 ± 19.2

0.085