Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

Male (%)

34.6

34.0

39.0

0.386

Age (years)

59.36 ± 7.39

61.04 ± 7.43

63.08 ± 7.34

<0.001

Smoking (%)

16.3

17.7

18.8

0.577

Consumption of alcohol (%)

15.4

14.9

17.9

0.033

Excess sodium intake (>6 g/d) (%)

14.4

15.7

20.7

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

39.7

43.5

47.9

0.033

Use of ACEIs or ARBs (%)

5.3

4.4

3.7

0.514

Waistline (cm)

82.26 ± 8.88

83.14 ± 9.31

85.43 ± 11.97

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.90 ± 2.96

24.32 ± 3.21

25.00 ± 3.82

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

140.46 ± 20.11

140.42 ± 38.31

140.86 ± 20.30

0.597

DBP (mmHg)

84.75 ± 13.94

84.31 ± 14.41

83.05 ± 15.73

0.573

TC (mmol/L)

5.12 ± 0.85

5.25 ± 0.85

5.33 ± 0.91

<0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.61 (0.5, 12.7)

1.67 (0.3, 18.1)

1.85 (0.8, 19.8)

<0.001

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.45 ± 0.61

1.39 ± 0.47

1.36 ± 0.56

0.003

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.68 ± 0.68

2.80 ± 0.70

2.88 ± 0.75

<0.001

SUA (mg/dL)

4.76 ± 1.22

4.80 ± 1.33

4.90 ± 1.39

0.018

BUN (mmol/L)

5.18 ± 1.29

5.10 ± 1.25

5.02 ± 1.33

0.076

CREA (mmol/L)

0.78 ± 0.15

0.79 ± 0.15

0.78 ± 0.16

0.650

eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m²)

89.39 ± 11.76

88.31 ± 11.65

88.76 ± 12.83

0.048

eGFR stage

0.013

>102 (%)

13.7

9.5

14.1

90-102 (%)

39.2

39.4

39.4

60-90 (%)

47.1

50.2

46.5

HbA1c (%)

5.32 ± 0.27

5.92 ± 0.18

7.13 ± 1.05

<0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

94.86 ± 10.08

98.18 ± 9.23

131.76 ± 15.30

<0.001